ry in a nation； at least in this； is three or four…fold greater than that of the mere rent？ If the people then obstruct industry； they obstruct their own livelihood； but if they make a war； they obstruct industry。 Take the bread out of the people's mouths； as did the Roman patricians； and you are sure enough of a war； in which case they may be levellers； but our agrarian causes their industry to flow with milk and honey。 it will be owned that this is true； if the people were given to understand their own happiness； but where is it they do that？ Let me reply with the like question； where do they not？ They do not know their happiness it should seem in France； Spain； and Italy； but teach them what it is； and try whose sense is the truer。 〃As to the late wars in Germany； it has been affirmed to me there； that the princes could never make the people to take arms while they had bread； and have therefore suffered countries now and then to be wasted that they might get soldiers。 This you will find to be the certain pulse and temper of the people； and if they have been already proved to be the most wise and constant order of a government； why should we think （when no man can produce one example of the common soldiery in an army mutinying because they had not captains' pay） that the prerogative should jolt the heads of the Senate together because these have the better salaries； when it must be as evident to the people in a nation； as to the soldiery in an army； that it is no more possible their emoluments of this kind should be afforded by any commonwealth in the world to be made equal with those of the Senate； than that the common soldiers should be equal with the captains？ It is enough for the common soldier that his virtue may bring him to be a captain； and more to the prerogative； that each of them is nearer to be a senator。 〃If my lord thinks our salaries too great； and that the commonwealth is not housewife enough； whether is it better housewifery that she should keep her family from the snow； or suffer them to burn her house that they may warm themselves？ for one of these must be。 Do you think that she came off at a cheaper rate when men had their rewards by ？；000 or ？；000 a year in land if inheritance？ if you say that they will be more godly than they have been； it may be ill taken； and if you cannot promise that； it is time we find out some way of stinting at least； if not curing them of that same sacra fames。 On the other side； if a poor man （as such a one may save a city） gives his sweat to the public； with what conscience can you suffer his family in the meantime to starve？ but he that lays his hand to this plough shall not lose by taking it off from his own； and a commonwealth that will mend this shall be penny…wise。 The Sanhedrim of Israel； being the supreme； and a constant court of judicature； could not choose but be exceeding gainful。 The Senate of the Bean in Athens； because it was but annual； was moderately salaried； but that of the Areopagites； being for life； bountifully； and what advantages the senators of Lacedaemon had； where there was little money or use of it； were in honors for life。 The patricians having no profit； took all。 Venice being a situation where a man goes but to the door for his employment； the honor is great and the reward very little； but in Holland a councillor of state has ？；500 Flemish a year； besides other accommodations。 The States…General have more。 And that commonwealth looks nearer her penny than ours needs to do。 〃For the revenue of this nation； besides that of her industry； it amounts； as has been shown； to ？0；000；000； and the salaries in the whole come not to ？00；000 a year。 The beauty they will add to the commonwealth will be exceeding great； and the people will delight in this beauty of their commonwealth； the encouragement they will give to the study of the public being very progitable； the accommodation they will afford to your magistrates very honorable and easy。 And the sum； when it or twice as much was spent in bunting and housekeeping； was never any grievance to the people。 I am ashamed to stand huckling upon this point； it is sordid。 Your magistrates are rather to be provided with further accommodations。 For what if there should be sickness？ whither will you have them to remove？ And this city in the soundest times； for the heat of the year； is no wholesome abode： have a care of their healths to whom you commit your own。 I would have the Senate and the people； except they see cause to the contrary； every first of June to remove into the country air for the space of three months。 You are better fitted with summer…houses for them than if you had built them to that purpose。 〃There is some twelve miles distant the convallium upon the river Halcionia； for the tribunes and the prerogative； a palace capable of 1；000 men； and twenty miles distant you have Mount Celia； reverend as well for the antiquity as state of a castle completely capable of the Senate； the proposers having lodgings in the convallium； and the tribunes in Celia； it holds the correspondency between the Senate and the people exactly And it is a small matter for the proposers； being attended with the coaches and officers of state； besides other conveniences of their own； to go a matter of five or ten miles （those seats are not much farther distant） to meet the people upon any heath or field that shall be appointed： where； having despatched their business； they may hunt their own venison （for I would have the great walled park upon the Halcionia to belong to the signory； and those about the convallium to the tribunes） and so go to supper。 Pray； my lords； see that they do not pull down these houses to sell the lead of them； for when you have considered on it； they cannot be spared。 The founders of the school in Hiera provided that the boys should have a summer seat。 You should have as much care of these magistrates。 But there is such a selling； such a Jewish humor in our republicans； that I cannot tell what to say to it； only this； any man that knows what belongs to a commonwealth； or how diligent every nation in that case has been to preserve her ornaments； and shall see the waste lately made （the woods adjoining to this city； which served for the delight and health of it； being cut down to be sold for threepence）； will you tell that they who did such things would never have made a commonwealth。 The like may be said of the ruin or damage done upon our cathedrals； ornaments in which this nation excels all others。 Nor shall this ever be excused upon the score of religion； for though it be true that God dwells not in houses made with hands； yet you cannot hold your assemblies but in such houses； and these are of the best that have been made with hands。 Nor is it well argued that they are pompous； and therefore profane； or less proper for divine service； seeing the Christians in the primitive Church chose to meet with one accord in the Temple； so far were they from any inclination to pull it down。〃
The orders of this commonwealth； so far； or near so far as they concern the elders； together with the several speeches at the institution； which may serve for the better understanding of them as so many commentaries； being shown； I should now come from the elders to the youth； or from the civil constitution of this government to the military； but that I judge this the fittest place whereinto； by the way； to insert the government of the city though for the present but perfunctorily。 〃'The metropolis or capital city of Oceana is commonly called Emporium； though it consists of two cities distinct； as well in name as in government； whereof the other is called Hiera； for which cause I shall treat of each apart； beginning with Emporium。 〃Emporium； with the liberties； is under a twofold division； the one regarding the national； and the other the urban or city government。 It is divided； in regard of the national government； into three tribes； and in respect of the urban into twenty six； which for distinction's sake are called wards； being contained under three tribes but unequally； wherefore the first tribe containing ten wards is called scazon； the second containing eight metoche； and the third containing as many telicouta； the bearing of which names in mind concerns the better understanding of the government。 〃Every ward has her wardmote； court； or inquest； consisting of all that are of the clothing or liveries of companies residing within the same。 〃Such are of the livery or clothing as have attained to the dignity to wear gowns and parti…colored hoods or tippets； according to the rules and ancient customs of their respective companies。 〃A company is a brotherhood of tradesmen professing the same art； governed according to their charter by a master and wardens。 Of these there be about sixty； whereof twelve are of greater dignity than the rest； that is to say； the mercers； grocers； drapers； fishmongers； goldsmiths； skinners； merchant…tailors； haberdashers； salters； ironmongers； vintners； clothworkers； which； with most of the rest； have common halls； divers of them being of ancient and magnificent structure； wherein they have frequent meetings； at the summons of their master or wardens； for the managing and regulation of their respective trades and mysteries。 These companies； as I shall show； are the roots of the whole government of the city。 For the liveries that reside in the same ward； meeting at the wardmote inquest （to which it belongs to take cognizance of all sorts of nuisances and violations of the customs and orders of the city； and to present them to the court of aldermen）； have also power to make election of two sorts of magistrates or officers； the first of elders or aldermen of the ward； the second of deputies of the same； otherwise called common councilmen。 〃The wards in these elections； because they do not elect all at once； but some one year and some another； observe the distinction of the three tribes； for example； the scazon； consisting of ten wards； makes election the first year of ten aldermen； one in each ward； and of 150 deputies； fifteen in each ward； all which are triennial magistrates or officers； that is to say； are to bear their dignity for the space of three years。 〃The seco