manifesto of the communist party- 第6部分

another。　　If　the　proletariat　during　its　contest　with　the

bourgeoisie　is　compelled；　by　the　force　of　circumstances；　to

organise　itself　as　a　class；　if；　by　means　of　a　revolution；　it

makes　itself　the　ruling　class；　and；　as　such；　sweeps　away　by　force

the　old　conditions　of　production；　then　it　will；　along　with　these

conditions；　have　swept　away　the　conditions　for　the　existence　of

class　antagonisms　and　of　classes　generally；　and　will　thereby　have

abolished　its　own　supremacy　as　a　class。



In　place　of　the　old　bourgeois　society；　with　its　classes　and

class　antagonisms；　we　shall　have　an　association；　in　which　the

free　development　of　each　is　the　condition　for　the　free

development　of　all。









III　SOCIALIST　AND　COMMUNIST　LITERATURE





1。　REACTIONARY　SOCIALISM





A。　Feudal　Socialism





Owing　to　their　historical　position；　it　became　the　vocation　of

the　aristocracies　of　France　and　England　to　write　pamphlets

against　modern　bourgeois　society。　　In　the　French　revolution　of

July　1830；　and　in　the　English　reform　agitation；　these

aristocracies　again　succumbed　to　the　hateful　upstart。

Thenceforth；　a　serious　political　contest　was　altogether　out　of

the　question。　　A　literary　battle　alone　remained　possible。　　But

even　in　the　domain　of　literature　the　old　cries　of　the　restoration

period　had　become　impossible。



In　order　to　arouse　sympathy；　the　aristocracy　were　obliged　to

lose　sight；　apparently；　of　their　own　interests；　and　to　formulate

their　indictment　against　the　bourgeoisie　in　the　interest　of　the

exploited　working　class　alone。　　Thus　the　aristocracy　took　their

revenge　by　singing　lampoons　on　their　new　master；　and　whispering

in　his　ears　sinister　prophecies　of　coming　catastrophe。



In　this　way　arose　Feudal　Socialism：　half　lamentation；　half

lampoon；

half　echo　of　the　past；　half　menace　of　the　future；　at　times；　by

its　bitter；

witty　and　incisive　criticism；　striking　the　bourgeoisie　to　the

very　heart's

core；　but　always　ludicrous　in　its　effect；　through　total

incapacity　to

comprehend　the　march　of　modern　history。



The　aristocracy；　in　order　to　rally　the　people　to　them；　waved　the

proletarian　alms…bag　in　front　for　a　banner。　　But　the　people；　so

often　as　it　joined　them；　saw　on　their　hindquarters　the　old　feudal

coats　of　arms；　and　deserted　with　loud　and　irreverent　laughter。



One　section　of　the　French　Legitimists　and　〃Young　England〃

exhibited　this　spectacle。



In　pointing　out　that　their　mode　of　exploitation　was　different　to

that　of　the　bourgeoisie；　the　feudalists　forget　that　they

exploited　under　circumstances　and　conditions　that　were　quite

different；　and　that　are　now　antiquated。　　In　showing　that；　under

their　rule；　the　modern　proletariat　never　existed；　they　forget

that　the　modern　bourgeoisie　is　the　necessary　offspring　of　their

own　form　of　society。



For　the　rest；　so　little　do　they　conceal　the　reactionary

character　of　their　criticism　that　their　chief　accusation　against

the　bourgeoisie　amounts　to　this；　that　under　the　bourgeois　regime

a　class　is　being　developed；　which　is　destined　to　cut　up　root　and

branch　the　old　order　of　society。



What　they　upbraid　the　bourgeoisie　with　is　not　so　much　that　it

creates

a　proletariat；　as　that　it　creates　a　revolutionary　proletariat。



In　political　practice；　therefore；　they　join　in　all　coercive

measures　against　the　working　class；　and　in　ordinary　life；　despite

their　high　falutin　phrases；　they　stoop　to　pick　up　the　golden

apples　dropped　from　the　tree　of　industry；　and　to　barter　truth；

love；

and　honour　for　traffic　in　wool；　beetroot…sugar；　and　potato

spirits。



As　the　parson　has　ever　gone　band　in　hand　with　the　landlord；

so　has　Clerical　Socialism　with　Feudal　Socialism。



Nothing　is　easier　than　to　give　Christian　asceticism　a　Socialist

tinge。

Has　not　Christianity　declaimed　against　private　property；　against

marriage；

against　the　State？　　Has　it　not　preached　in　the　place　of　these；

charity　and

poverty；　celibacy　and　mortification　of　the　flesh；　monastic　life

and

Mother　Church？　　Christian　Socialism　is　but　the　holy；　water　with

which

the　priest　consecrates　the　heart…burnings　of　the　aristocrat。





B。　Petty…Bourgeois　Socialism



The　feudal　aristocracy　was　not　the　only　class　that　has　ruined　by

the　bourgeoisie；　not　the　only　class　whose　conditions　of　existence

pined　and　perished　in　the　atmosphere　of　modern　bourgeois　society。

The　mediaeval　burgesses　and　the　small　peasant　proprietors　were

the　precursors　of　the　modern　bourgeoisie。　　In　those　countries

which

are　but　little　developed；　industrially　and　commercially；　these

two

classes　still　vegetate　side　by　side　with　the　rising　bourgeoisie。



In　countries　where　modern　civilisation　has　become　fully

developed；　a　new　class　of　petty　bourgeois　has　been　formed；

fluctuating　between　proletariat　and　bourgeoisie　and　ever　renewing

itself　as　a　supplementary　part　of　bourgeois　society。　　The

individual　members　of　this　class；　however；　are　being　constantly

hurled　down　into　the　proletariat　by　the　action　of　competition；

and；　as　modern　industry　develops；　they　even　see　the　moment

approaching　when　they　will　completely　disappear　as　an　independent

section　of　modern　society；　to　be　replaced；　in　manufactures；

agriculture　and　commerce；　by　overlookers；　bailiffs　and　shopmen。



In　countries　like　France；　where　the　peasants　constitute　far　more

than　half　of　the　population；　it　was　natural　that　writers　who

sided　with　the　proletariat　against　the　bourgeoisie；　should　use；

in　their　criticism　of　the　bourgeois　regime；　the　standard　of　the

peasant　and　petty　bourgeois；　and　from　the　standpoint　of　these

intermediate　classes　should　take　up　the　cudgels　for　the　working

class。　　Thus　arose　petty…bourgeois　Socialism。　　Sismondi　was　the

head　of　this　school；　not　only　in　France　but　also　in　England。



This　school　of　Socialism　dissected　with　great　acuteness　the

contradictions　in　the　conditions　of　modern　production。　　It　laid

bare　the　hypocritical　apologies　of　economists。　　It　proved；

incontrovertibly；　the　disastrous　effects　of　machinery　and

division　of　labour；　the　concentration　of　capital　and　land　in　a

few　hands；　overproduction　and　crises；　it　pointed　out　the

inevitable　ruin　of　the　petty　bourgeois　and　peasant；　the　misery　of

the　proletariat；　the　anarchy　in　production；　the　crying

inequalities　in　the　distribution　of　wealth；　the　industrial　war　of

extermination　between　nations；　the　dissolution　of　old　moral

bonds；　of　the　old　family　relations；　of　the　old　nationalities。



In　its　positive　aims；　however；　this　form　of　Socialism　aspires

either　to　restoring　the　old　means　of　production　and　of　exchange；

and　with　them　the　old　property　relations；　and　the　old　society；　or

to　cramping　the　modern　means　of　production　and　of　exchange；

within　the　framework　of　the　old　property　relations　that　have

been；　and　were　bound　to　be；　exploded　by　those　means。　　In　either

case；　it　is　both　reactionary　and　Utopian。



Its　last　words　are：　corporate　guilds　for　manufacture；

patriarchal　relations　in　agriculture。



Ultimately；　when　stubborn　historical　facts　had　dispersed　all

intoxicating　effects　of　self…deception；　this　form　of　Socialism

ended　in　a　miserable　fit　of　the　blues。





C。　German；　or　〃True；〃　Socialism



The　Socialist　and　Communist　literature　of　France；　a　literature

that　originated　under　the　pressure　of　a　bourgeoisie　in　power；　and

that　was　the　expression　of　the　struggle　against　this　power；　was

introduced　into　Germany　at　a　time　when　the　bourgeoisie；　in　that

country；　had　just　begun　its　contest　with　feudal　absolutism。



German　philosophers；　would…be　philosophers；　and　beaux　esprits；

eagerly　seized　on　this　literature；　only　forgetting；　that　when

these　writings　immigrated　from　France　into　Germany；　French　social

conditions　had　not　immigrated　along　with　them。　　In　contact　with

German　social　conditions；　this　French　literature　lost　all　its

immediate　practical　significance；　and　assumed　a　purely　literary

aspect。　　Thus；　to　the　German　philosophers　of　the　eighteenth

century；　the　demands　of　the　first　French　Revolution　were　nothing

more　than　the　demands　of　〃Practical　Reason〃　in　general；　and　the

utterance　of　the　will　of　the　revolutionary　French　bourgeoisie

signified　in　their　eyes　the　law　of　pure　Will；　of　Will　as　it　was

bound　to　be；　of　true　human　Will　generally。



The　world　of　the　German　literate　consisted　solely　in　bringing

the　new　French　ideas　into　harmony　with　their　ancient

philosophical　conscience；　or　rather；　in　annexing　the　French　ideas

without　deserting　their　own　philosophic　point　of　view。



This　annexation　took　place　in　the　same　way　in　which　a　foreign

language　is　appropriated；　namely；　by　translation。



It　is　well　known　how　the　monks　wrote　silly　lives　of　Catholic

Saints　over　the　manuscripts　on　which　the　classical　works　of

ancient　heathendom　had　been　written。　　The　German　literate

reversed　this　process　with　the　profane　French　literature。　　They

wrote　their　philosophical　nonsense　beneath　the　French　original。

For　instance；　beneath　the　French　criticism　of　the　economic

functions　of　money；　they　wrote　〃Alienation　of　Humanity；〃　and

beneath　the　French　criticism　of　the　bourgeois　State　they　wrote

〃dethronement　of　the　Category　of　the　General；〃　and　so　forth。



The　introduction　of　these　philosophical　phrases　at　the　back　of

the　French　historical　criticisms　they　dubbed　〃Philosophy　of

Action；〃　〃True　Socialism；〃　〃German　Science　of　Socialism；〃

〃Philosophical　Foundation　of　Socialism；〃　and　so　on。



The　French　Socialist　and　Communist　literature　was　thus

completely　emasculated。　　And；　since　it　ceased　in　the　hands　of　the

German　to　express　the　struggle　of　one　class　with　the　other；　he

felt　conscious　of　having　overcome　〃French　one…sidedness〃　and　of

representing；　not　true　requirements；　but　the　requirements　of

truth；

not　the　interests　of　the　proletariat；　but　the　interests　of　Human

Nature；

of　Man　in　general；　who　belongs　to　no　class；　has　no　reality；　who

exists

only　in　the　misty　realm　of　philos