manifesto of the communist party- 第5部分

case　of　ancient　property；　what　you　admit　in　the　case　of　feudal

property；　you　are　of　course　forbidden　to　admit　in　the　case　of

your　own　bourgeois　form　of　property。



Abolition　of　the　family！　　Even　the　most　radical　flare　up　at　this

infamous　proposal　of　the　Communists。



On　what　foundation　is　the　present　family；　the　bourgeois　family；

based？　　On　capital；　on　private　gain。　　In　its　completely　developed

form　this　family　exists　only　among　the　bourgeoisie。　　But　this

state　of　things　finds　its　complement　in　the　practical　absence　of

the　family　among　the　proletarians；　and　in　public　prostitution。



The　bourgeois　family　will　vanish　as　a　matter　of　course　when　its

complement　vanishes；　and　both　will　vanish　with　the　vanishing　of

capital。



Do　you　charge　us　with　wanting　to　stop　the　exploitation　of

children　by　their　parents？　　To　this　crime　we　plead　guilty。



But；　you　will　say；　we　destroy　the　most　hallowed　of　relations；

when　we　replace　home　education　by　social。



And　your　education！　　Is　not　that　also　social；　and　determined　by

the　social　conditions　under　which　you　educate；　by　the

intervention；　direct　or　indirect；　of　society；　by　means　of

schools；　etc。？　　　The　Communists　have　not　invented　the

intervention　of　society　in　education；　they　do　but　seek　to　alter

the　character　of　that　intervention；　and　to　rescue　education　from

the　influence　of　the　ruling　class。



The　bourgeois　clap…trap　about　the　family　and　education；　about

the　hallowed　co…relation　of　parent　and　child；　becomes　all　the

more　disgusting；　the　more；　by　the　action　of　Modern　Industry；　all

family　ties　among　the　proletarians　are　torn　asunder；　and　their

children　transformed　into　simple　articles　of　commerce　and

instruments　of　labour。



But　you　Communists　would　introduce　community　of　women；　screams

the　whole　bourgeoisie　in　chorus。



The　bourgeois　sees　in　his　wife　a　mere　instrument　of　production。

He　hears　that　the　instruments　of　production　are　to　be　exploited

in

common；　and；　naturally；　can　come　to　no　other　conclusion　than　that

the　lot　of　being　common　to　all　will　likewise　fall　to　the　women。



He　has　not　even　a　suspicion　that　the　real　point　is　to　do　away

with　the　status　of　women　as　mere　instruments　of　production。



For　the　rest；　nothing　is　more　ridiculous　than　the

virtuous　indignation　of　our　bourgeois　at　the　community　of　women

which；　they　pretend；　is　to　be　openly　and　officially　established

by　the　Communists。　　The　Communists　have　no　need　to　introduce

community　of　women；　it　has　existed　almost　from　time　immemorial。



Our　bourgeois；　not　content　with　having　the　wives　and　daughters　of

their

proletarians　at　their　disposal；　not　to　speak　of　common

prostitutes；

take　the　greatest　pleasure　in　seducing　each　other's　wives。



Bourgeois　marriage　is　in　reality　a　system　of　wives　in　common　and

thus；

at　the　most；　what　the　Communists　might　possibly　be　reproached

with；

is　that　they　desire　to　introduce；　in　substitution　for　a

hypocritically

concealed；　an　openly　legalised　community　of　women。　　For　the　rest；

it　is　self…evident　that　the　abolition　of　the　present　system　of

production　must　bring　with　it　the　abolition　of　the　community

of　women　springing　from　that　system；　i。e。；　of　prostitution

both　public　and　private。



The　Communists　are　further　reproached　with　desiring　to　abolish

countries　and　nationality。



The　working　men　have　no　country。　　We　cannot　take　from　them　what

they　have　not　got。　　Since　the　proletariat　must　first　of　all

acquire　political　supremacy；　must　rise　to　be　the　leading　class　of

the　nation；　must　constitute　itself　the　nation；　it　is；　so　far；

itself　national；　though　not　in　the　bourgeois　sense　of　the　word。



National　differences　and　antagonisms　between　peoples　are　daily

more　and　more　vanishing；　owing　to　the　development　of　the

bourgeoisie；　to　freedom　of　commerce；　to　the　world…market；　to

uniformity　in　the　mode　of　production　and　in　the　conditions　of

life　corresponding　thereto。



The　supremacy　of　the　proletariat　will　cause　them　to　vanish　still

faster。

United　action；　of　the　leading　civilised　countries　at　least；　is

one　of

the　first　conditions　for　the　emancipation　of　the　proletariat。



In　proportion　as　the　exploitation　of　one　individual　by　another

is　put　an　end　to；　the　exploitation　of　one　nation　by　another　will

also　be　put　an　end　to。　　In　proportion　as　the　antagonism　between

classes　within　the　nation　vanishes；　the　hostility　of　one　nation

to　another　will　come　to　an　end。



The　charges　against　Communism　made　from　a　religious；　a

philosophical；　and；　generally；　from　an　ideological　standpoint；

are　not　deserving　of　serious　examination。



Does　it　require　deep　intuition　to　comprehend　that　man's　ideas；

views　and　conceptions；　in　one　word；　man's　consciousness；　changes

with　every　change　in　the　conditions　of　his　material　existence；　in

his　social　relations　and　in　his　social　life？



What　else　does　the　history　of　ideas　prove；　than　that　intellectual

production　changes　its　character　in　proportion　as　material

production

is　changed？　　The　ruling　ideas　of　each　age　have　ever　been　the

ideas　of

its　ruling　class。



When　people　speak　of　ideas　that　revolutionise　society；　they　do

but　express　the　fact；　that　within　the　old　society；　the　elements

of　a　new　one　have　been　created；　and　that　the　dissolution　of　the

old　ideas　keeps　even　pace　with　the　dissolution　of　the　old

conditions　of　existence。



When　the　ancient　world　was　in　its　last　throes；　the　ancient

religions　were　overcome　by　Christianity。　　When　Christian　ideas

succumbed　in　the　18th　century　to　rationalist　ideas；　feudal

society　fought　its　death　battle　with　the　then　revolutionary

bourgeoisie。　　The　ideas　of　religious　liberty　and　freedom　of

conscience　merely　gave　expression　to　the　sway　of　free　competition

within　the　domain　of　knowledge。



〃Undoubtedly；〃　it　will　be　said；　〃religious；　moral；　philosophical

and　juridical　ideas　have　been　modified　in　the　course　of

historical　development。　　But　religion；　morality　philosophy；

political　science；　and　law；　constantly　survived　this　change。〃



〃There　are；　besides；　eternal　truths；　such　as　Freedom；　Justice；

etc。　that　are　common　to　all　states　of　society。　　But　Communism

abolishes　eternal　truths；　it　abolishes　all　religion；　and　all

morality；　instead　of　constituting　them　on　a　new　basis；　it

therefore

acts　in　contradiction　to　all　past　historical　experience。〃



What　does　this　accusation　reduce　itself　to？　　The　history　of　all

past　society　has　consisted　in　the　development　of　class

antagonisms；

antagonisms　that　assumed　different　forms　at　different　epochs。



But　whatever　form　they　may　have　taken；　one　fact　is　common　to　all

past　ages；　viz。；　the　exploitation　of　one　part　of　society　by　the

other。

No　wonder；　then；　that　the　social　consciousness　of　past　ages；

despite

all　the　multiplicity　and　variety　it　displays；　moves　within

certain

common　forms；　or　general　ideas；　which　cannot　completely　vanish

except

with　the　total　disappearance　of　class　antagonisms。



The　Communist　revolution　is　the　most　radical　rupture　with

traditional　property　relations；　no　wonder　that　its　development

involves　the　most　radical　rupture　with　traditional　ideas。



But　let　us　have　done　with　the　bourgeois　objections　to　Communism。



We　have　seen　above；　that　the　first　step　in　the　revolution　by　the

working　class；　is　to　raise　the　proletariat　to　the　position　of

ruling　as　to　win　the　battle　of　democracy。



The　proletariat　will　use　its　political　supremacy　top　wrest；　by

degrees；　all　capital　from　the　bourgeoisie；　to　centralise　all

instruments　of　production　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　i。e。；　of　the

proletariat　organised　as　the　ruling　class；　and　to　increase　the

total　of　productive　forces　as　rapidly　as　possible。



Of　course；　in　the　beginning；　this　cannot　be　effected　except　by

means　of　despotic　inroads　on　the　rights　of　property；　and　on　the

conditions　of　bourgeois　production；　by　means　of　measures；

therefore；

which　appear　economically　insufficient　and　untenable；　but　which；

in　the　course　of　the　movement；　outstrip　themselves；　necessitate

further　inroads　upon　the　old　social　order；　and　are　unavoidable

as　a　means　of　entirely　revolutionising　the　mode　of　production。



These　measures　will　of　course　be　different　in　different

countries。



Nevertheless　in　the　most　advanced　countries；　the　following　will

be　pretty　generally　applicable。



1。　　Abolition　of　property　in　land　and　application　of　all　rents

　　　　of　land　to　public　purposes。



2。　　A　heavy　progressive　or　graduated　income　tax。



3。　　Abolition　of　all　right　of　inheritance。



4。　　Confiscation　of　the　property　of　all　emigrants　and　rebels。



5。　　Centralisation　of　credit　in　the　hands　of　the　State；　by　means

　　　　of　a　national　bank　with　State　capital　and　an　exclusive

monopoly。



6。　　Centralisation　of　the　means　of　communication　and　transport

　　　　in　the　hands　of　the　State。



7。　　Extension　of　factories　and　instruments　of　production　owned　by

the

　　　　State；　the　bringing　into　cultivation　of　waste…lands；　and　the

　　　　improvement　of　the　soil　generally　in　accordance　with　a　common

plan。



8。　　Equal　liability　of　all　to　labour。　　Establishment　of

　　　　industrial　armies；　especially　for　agriculture。



9。　　Combination　of　agriculture　with　manufacturing　industries；

gradual　abolition　of　the　distinction　between　town　and　country；　by

a　more　equable　distribution　of　the　population　over　the　country。



10。　　Free　education　for　all　children　in　public　schools。

Abolition　of　children's　factory　labour　in　its　present　form。

Combination　of　education　with　industrial　production；　&c。；　&c。



When；　in　the　course　of　development；　class　distinctions　have

disappeared；　and　all　production　has　been　concentrated　in　the

hands　of　a　vast　association　of　the　whole　nation；　the　public　power

will　lose　its　political　character。　　Political　power；　properly　so

called；　is　merely　the　organised　power　of　one　class　for　oppressing

another。　　If　the　proletariat　during　its　contest　with　the