w civilization workable and convenient。 It was the unfolding of a new organ。 Just as the eye had become the telescope； and the hand had become machinery； and the feet had become railways； so the voice became the telephone。 It was a new ideal method of communication that had been made indispensable by new conditions。 The prophecy of Carlyle had come true； when he said that 〃men cannot now be bound to men by brass collars； you will have to bind them by other far nobler and cunninger methods。〃
Railways and steamships had begun this work of binding man to man by 〃nobler and cunninger methods。〃 The telegraph and cable had gone still farther and put all civilized people within sight of each other； so that they could communicate by a sort of deaf and dumb alphabet。 And then came the telephone； giving direct instantaneous communication and putting the people of each nation within hearing distance of each other。 It was the completion of a long series of inventions。 It was the keystone of the arch。 It was the one last improvement that enabled interdependent nations to handle themselves and to hold together。
To make railways and steamboats carry letters was much； in the evolution of the means of communication。 To make the electric wire carry signals was more； because of the instantaneous transmission of important news。 But to make the electric wire carry speech was MOST； because it put all fellow…citizens face to face； and made both message and answer instantaneous。 The invention of the telephone taught the Genie of Electricity to do better than to carry mes… sages in the sign language of the dumb。 It taught him to speak。 As Emerson has finely said：
〃We had letters to send。 Couriers could not go fast enough； nor far enough； broke their wagons； foundered their horses； bad roads in Spring； snowdrifts in Winter； heat in Summercould not get their horses out of a walk。 But we found that the air and the earth were full of electricity； and always going our way； just the way we wanted to send。 WOULD HE TAKE A MESSAGE； Just as lief as not； had nothing else to do； would carry it in no time。〃
As to the exact value of the telephone to the United States in dollars and cents； no one can tell。 One statistician has given us a total of three million dollars a day as the amount saved by using telephones。 This sum may be far too high； or too low。 It can be no more than a guess。 The only adequate way to arrive at the value of the telephone is to consider the nation as a whole； to take it all in all as a going concern； and to note that such a nation would be absolutely impossible without its telephone service。 Some sort of a slower and lower grade republic we might have； with small industrial units； long hours of labor； lower wages； and clumsier ways。 The money loss would be enormous； but more serious still would be the loss in the QUALITY OF THE NATIONAL LIFE。 Inevitably； an untelephoned nation is less social； less unified； less progressive； and less efficient。 It belongs to an inferior species。
How to make a civilization that is organized and quick； instead of a barbarism that was chaotic and slowthat is the universal human problem； not wholly solved to…day。 And how to develop a science of intercommunication； which commenced when the wild animals began to travel in herds and to protect themselves from their enemies by a language of danger…signals； and to democratize this science until the entire nation becomes self…conscious and able to act as one living beingthat is the part of this universal problem which finally necessitated the invention of the telephone。
With the use of the telephone has come a new habit of mind。 The slow and sluggish mood has been sloughed off。 The old to…morrow habit has been superseded by 〃Do It To…day〃； and life has become more tense； alert； vivid。 The brain has been relieved of the suspense of waiting for an answer； which is a psychological gain of great importance。 It receives its reply at once and is set free to consider other matters。 There is less burden upon the memory and the WHOLE MIND can be given to each new proposition。
A new instinct of speed has been developed； much more fully in the United States than elsewhere。 〃No American goes slow；〃 said Ian Maclaren； 〃if he has the chance of going fast； he does not stop to talk if he can talk walking； and he does not walk if he can ride。〃 He is as pleased as a child with a new toy when some speed record is broken； when a pair of shoes is made in eleven minutes； when a man lays twelve hundred bricks in an hour； or when a ship crosses the Atlantic in four and a half days。 Even seconds are now counted and split up into fractions。 The average time； for instance； taken to reply to a telephone call by a New York operator； is now three and two…fifth seconds； and even this tiny atom of time is being strenuously worn down。
As a witty Frenchman has said； one of our most lively regrets is that while we are at the telephone we cannot do business with our feet。 We regard it as a victory over the hostility of nature when we do an hour's work in a minute or a minute's work in a second。 Instead of saying； as the Spanish do； 〃Life is too short； what can one person do？〃 an American is more apt to say； 〃Life is too short； therefore I must do to… day's work to…day。〃 To pack a lifetime with energythat is the American plan； and so to economize that energy as to get the largest results。 To get a question asked and answered in five minutes by means of an electric wire； instead of in two hours by the slow trudging of a messenger boythat is the method that best suits our passion for instantaneous service。
It is one of the few social laws of which we are fairly sure； that a nation organizes in proportion to its velocity。 We know that a four…mile…an… hour nation must remain a huge inert mass of peasants and villagers； or if； after centuries of slow toil； it should pile up a great city； the city will sooner or later fall to pieces of its own weight。 In such a way Babylon rose and fell； and Nineveh； and Thebes； and Carthage； and Rome。 Mere bulk； unorganized； becomes its own destroyer。 It dies of clogging and congestion。 But when Stephenson's Rocket ran twenty…nine miles an hour； and Morse's telegraph clicked its signals from Washington to Baltimore； and Bell's telephone flashed the vibrations of speech between Boston and Salem； a new era began。 In came the era of speed and the finely organized nations。 In came cities of unprecedented bulk； but held together so closely by a web…work of steel rails and copper wires that they have become more alert and cooperative than any tiny hamlet of mud huts on the banks of the Congo。
That the telephone is now doing most of all； in this binding together of all manner of men； is perhaps not too much to claim； when we remember that there are now in the United States seventy thousand holders of Bell telephone stock and ten million users of telephone service。 There are two hundred and sixty…four wires crossing the Mississippi； in the Bell system； and five hundred and forty…four crossing Mason and Dixon's Line。 It is the telephone which does most to link together cottage and skyscraper and mansion and factory and farm。 It is not limited to experts or college graduates。 It reaches the man with a nickel as well as the man with a million。 It speaks all languages and serves all trades。 It helps to prevent sectionalism and race feuds。 It gives a common meeting place to capitalists and wage…workers。 It is so essentially the instrument of all the people； in fact； that we might almost point to it as a national emblem； as the trade…mark of democracy and the American spirit。
In a country like ours； where there are eighty nationalities in the public schools； the telephone has a peculiar value as a part of the national digestive apparatus。 It prevents the growth of dialects and helps on the process of assimilation。 Such is the push of American life； that the humble immigrants from Southern Europe； before they have been here half a dozen years； have acquired the telephone habit and have linked on their small shops to the great wire network of intercommunication。 In the one community of Brownsville； for example； settled several years ago by an overflow of Russian Jews from the East Side of New York； there are now as many telephones as in the kingdom of Greece。 And in the swarming East Side itself； there is a single exchange in Orchard Street which has more wires than there are in all the exchanges of Egypt。
There can be few higher ideals of practical democracy than that which comes to us from the telephone engineer。 His purpose is much more comprehensive than the supplying of telephones to those who want them。 It is rather to make the telephone as universal as the water faucet； to bring within speaking distance every economic unit； to connect to the social organism every person who may at any time be needed。 Just as the click of the reaper means bread； and the purr of the sewing…machine means clothes； and the roar of the Bessemer converter means steel； and the rattle of the press means education； so the ring of the telephone bell has come to mean unity and organization。
Already； by cable； telegraph； and telephone； no two towns in the civilized world are more than one hour apart。 We have even girdled the earth with a cablegram in twelve minutes。 We have made it possible for any man in New York City to enter into conversation with any other New Yorker in twenty…one seconds。 We have not been satisfied with establishing such a system of transportation that we can start any day for anywhere from anywhere else； neither have we been satisfied with establishing such a system of communication that news and gossip are the common property of all nations。 We have gone farther。 We have established in every large region of population a system of voice…nerves that puts every man at every other man's ear； and which so magically eliminates the factor of distance that the United States becomes three thousand miles of neighbors； side by side。
This effort to conquer Time and Space is above all else the instinct of material progress。 To shrivel up the miles and to stretch out the minutesthis has been one of the master passions of the human race。 And thus the larger truth about the t