h an opposition telephone。 It was not an imitation of Bell's； he insisted； but an improvement upon an electrical device made by a German named Philip Reis； in 1861。
Thus there appeared upon the scene the so… called 〃Reis telephone；〃 which was not a telephone at all； in any practical sense； but which served well enough for nine years or more as a weapon to use against the Bell patents。 Poor Philip Reis himself； the son of a baker in Frankfort； Germany； had hoped to make a telephone； but he had failed。 His machine was operated by a 〃make…and…break〃 current； and so could not carry the infinitely delicate vibrations made by the human voice。 It could transmit the pitch of a sound； but not the QUALITY。 At its best； it could carry a tune； but never at any time a spoken sentence。 Reis； in his later years； realized that his machine could never be used for the transmission of conversation； and in a letter to a friend he tells of a code of signals that he has invented。
Bell had once； during his three years of experimenting； made a Reis machine； although at that time he had not seen one。 But he soon threw it aside； as of no practical value。 As a teacher of acoustics； Bell knew that the one indispensable requirement of a telephone is that it shall transmit the WHOLE of a sound； and not merely the pitch of it。 Such scientists as Lord Kelvin； Joseph Henry； and Edison had seen the little Reis instrument years before Bell invented the telephone； but they regarded it as a mere musical toy。 It was 〃not in any sense a speaking telephone；〃 said Lord Kelvin。 And Edison； when trying to put the Reis machine in the most favorable light； admitted humorously that when he used a Reis transmitter he generally 〃knew what was coming； and knowing what was coming； even a Reis transmitter； pure and simple； reproduces sounds which seem almost like that which was being transmitted； but when the man at the other end did not know what was coming； it was very seldom that any word was recognized。〃
In the course of the Dolbear lawsuit； a Reis machine was brought into court； and created much amusement。 It was able to squeak； but not to speak。 Experts and professors wrestled with it in vain。 It refused to transmit one intel… ligible sentence。 〃It CAN speak； but it WON'T；〃 explained one of Dolbear's lawyers。 It is now generally known that while a Reis machine； when clogged and out of order； would transmit a word or two in an imperfect way； it was built on wrong lines。 It was no more a telephone than a wagon is a sleigh； even though it is possible to chain the wheels and make them slide for a foot or two。 Said Judge Lowell； in rendering his famous decision：
〃A century of Reis would never have produced a speaking telephone by mere improvement of construction。 It was left for Bell to discover that the failure was due not to workmanship but to the principle which was adopted as the basis of what had to be done。 。 。 。 Bell discovered a new artthat of transmitting speech by electricity； and his claim is not as broad as his invention。 。 。 。 To follow Reis is to fail； but to follow Bell is to succeed。〃
After the victory over Dolbear； the Bell stock went soaring skywards； and the higher it went； the greater were the number of infringers and blowers of stock bubbles。 To bait the Bell Company became almost a national sport。 Any sort of claimant； with any sort of wild tale of prior invention； could find a speculator to support him。 On they came； a motley array； 〃some in rags； some on nags； and some in velvet gowns。〃 One of them claimed to have done wonders with an iron hoop and a file in 1867； a second had a marvellous table with glass legs； a third swore that he had made a telephone in 1860； but did not know what it was until he saw Bell's patent； and a fourth told a vivid story of having heard a bullfrog croak via a telegraph wire which was strung into a certain cellar in Racine； in 1851。
This comic opera phase came to a head in the famous Drawbaugh case； which lasted for nearly four years； and filled ten thousand pages with its evidence。 Having failed on Reis； the German； the opponents of Bell now brought forward an American inventor named Daniel Drawbaugh； and opened up a noisy newspaper campaign。 To secure public sympathy for Drawbaugh； it was said that he had invented a complete telephone and switchboard before 1876； but was in such 〃utter and abject poverty〃 that he could not get himself a patent。 Five hundred witnesses were examined； and such a general turmoil was aroused that the Bell lawyers were compelled to take the attack seriously； and to fight back with every pound of ammunition they possessed。
The fact about Drawbaugh is that he was a mechanic in a country village near Harrisburg； Pennsylvania。 He was ingenious but not inventive； and loved to display his mechanical skill before the farmers and villagers。 He was a subscriber to The Scientific American； and it had become the fixed habit of his life to copy other people's inventions and exhibit them as his own。 He was a trailer of inventors。 More than forty instances of this imitative habit were shown at the trial； and he was severely scored by the judge； who accused him of 〃deliberately falsifying the facts。〃 His ruling passion of imitation； apparently； was not diminished by the loss of his telephone claims； as he came to public view again in 1903 as a trailer of Marconi。
Drawbaugh's defeat sent the Bell stock up once more； and brought on a Xerxes' army of opposition which called itself the 〃Overland Company。〃 Having learned that no one claim… ant could beat Bell in the courts； this company massed the losers together and came forward with a scrap…basket full of patents。 Several powerful capitalists undertook to pay the expenses of this adventure。 Wires were strung； stock was sold； and the enterprise looked for a time so genuine that when the Bell lawyers asked for an injunction against it； they were refused。 This was as hard a blow as the Bell people received in their eleven years of litigation； and the Bell stock tumbled thirty…five points in a few days。 Infringing companies sprang up like gourds in the night。 And all went merrily with the promoters until the Overland Company was thrown out of court； as having no evidence； except 〃the refuse and dregs of former cases the heel…taps found in the glasses at the end of the frolic。〃
But even after this defeat for the claimants； the frolic was not wholly ended。 They next planned to get through politics what they could not get through law； they induced the Government to bring suit for the annulment of the Bell patents。 It was a bold and desperate move； and enabled the promoters of paper companies to sell stock for several years longer。 The whole dispute was re…opened； from Gray to Drawbaugh。 Every battle was re…fought； and in the end； of course； the Government officials learned that they were being used to pull telephone chestnuts out of the fire。 The case was allowed to die a natural death； and was informally dropped in 1896。
In all； the Bell Company fought out thirteen lawsuits that were of national interest； and five that were carried to the Supreme Court in Washington。 It fought out five hundred and eighty… seven other lawsuits of various natures； and with the exception of two trivial contract suits； IT NEVER LOST A CASE。
Its experience is an unanswerable indictment of our system of protecting inventors。 No inventor had ever a clearer title than Bell。 The Patent Office itself； in 1884； made an eighteen… months' investigation of all telephone patents； and reported： 〃It is to Bell that the world owes the possession of the speaking telephone。〃 Yet his patent was continuously under fire； and never at any time secure。 Stock companies whose paper capital totalled more than 500；000；000 were organized to break it down； and from first to last the success of the telephone was based much less upon the monopoly of patents than upon the building up of a well organized business。
Fortunately for Bell and the men who upheld him； they were defended by two master…lawyers who have seldom； if ever； had an equal for team work and efficiencyChauncy Smith and James J。 Storrow。 These two men were marvellously well mated。 Smith was an old…fashioned attorney of the Websterian sort； dignified； ponderous； and impressive。 By 1878； when he came in to defend the little Bell Company against the towering Western Union； Smith had become the most noted patent lawyer in Boston。 He was a large； thick…set man； a reminder of Benjamin Franklin； with clean…shaven face； long hair curling at the ends； frock coat； high collar； and beaver hat。
Storrow； on the contrary； was a small man； quiet in manner； conversational in argument； and an encyclopedia of definite information。 He was so thorough that； when he became a Bell lawyer； he first spent an entire summer at his country home in Petersham； studying the laws of physics and electricity。 He was never in the slightest degree spectacular。 Once only； during the eleven years of litigation； did he lose control of his temper。 He was attacking the credibility of a witness whom he had put on the stand； but who had been tampered with by the opposition lawyers。 〃But this man is your own witness；〃 protested the lawyers。 〃Yes；〃 shouted the usually soft…speaking Storrow； 〃he WAS my witness； but now he is YOUR LIAR。〃
The efficiency of these two men was greatly increased by a thirdThomas D。 Lockwood； who was chosen by Vail in 1879 to establish a Patent Department。 Two years before； Lockwood had heard Bell lecture in Chickering Hall； New York； and was a 〃doubting Thomas。〃 But a closer study of the telephone transformed him into an enthusiast。 Having a memory like a filing system； and a knack for invention； Lockwood was well fitted to create such a depart… ment。 He was a man born for the place。 And he has seen the number of electrical patents grow from a few hundred in 1878 to eighty thousand in 1910。
These three men were the defenders of the Bell patents。 As Vail built up the young telephone business； they held it from being torn to shreds in an orgy of speculative competition。 Smith prepared the comprehensive plan of defence。 By his sagacity and experience he was enabled to mark out the general principles upon which Bell had a right to stand。 Us