the origins of contemporary france-2- 第59部分

in　charge　of　his　or　her　former　equals　and　colleagues。　　This　is　why

it　is　often　preferably　to　transfer　someone　who　is　recognized　as

being　of　superior　talent　whenever　a　promotions　is　to　take　place。　　（SR。）



＇26＇　Law　of　May　11…15；　1791。



＇27＇　Minutes　of　the　meeting　of　the　Electoral　Assembly　of　the

Department　of　Indre…et…Loire　（1791；　printed）。



＇28＇　De　Ferrières；　I。　　367。



＇29＇　Suzay；　I；　191　（21；711　are　eligible　out　of　32；288　inscribed

citizens）。



＇30＇　Official　report　of　the　Electoral　Assembly　of　the　Department　of

Indre…et…Loire；　Aug。　　27；　1791。　　〃A　member　of　the　Assembly　made　a

motion　that　all　the　members　composing　it　should　be　indemnified　for

the　expenses　which　would　be　incurred　by　their　absence　from　home　and

the　long　sojourn　they　had　to　make　in　the　town　where　the　Assembly　was

held。　　He　remarked　that　the　inhabitants　of　the　country　were　those

who　suffered　the　most；　their　labor　being　their　sole　riches；　that　if

no　attention　was　paid　to　this　demand；　they　would　be　obliged；　in

spite　of　their　patriotism；　to　withdraw　and　abandon　their　important

mission；　that　the　electoral　assemblies　would　then　be　deserted；　or

would　be　composed　of　those　whose　resources　permitted　them　to　make

this　sacrifice。〃



＇31＇　Sauzay；　I。　　147；　192。



＇32＇　For　the　detail　of　these　figures；　see　vol。　　II。　　Book　IV。



＇33＇　De　Ferrières；　I。　　367。　　Cf。　　The　various　laws　above　mentioned。



＇34＇　Constant；　〃Histoire　d'un　Club　Jacobin　en　Province〃

（Fontainebleau）　p。15。　　（Procés…verbaux　of　the　founding　of　the　clubs

of　Moret；　Thomery；　Nemours；　and　Montereau。）



＇35＇　Later　to　change　and　become　socialist　and　communist　parties

everywhere。　　（SR。）



＇36＇　Cf。　　The　Declaration　of　Independence；　July　4；　1776　（except　the

first　phrase；　which　is　a　catchword　thrown　out　for　the　European

philosophers）。　…　Jefferson　proposed　a　Declaration　of　Rights　for　the

Constitution　of　March　4；　1789；　but　it　was　refused。　　They　were

content　to　add　to　it　the　eleven　amendments　which　set　forth　the

fundamental　rights　of　the　citizen。



＇37＇　Article　I。　　〃Men　are　born　and　remain　free　and　equal　in　rights

common　to　all。　　Social　distinctions　are　founded　solely　on　public

utility。〃



　　The　first　phrase　condemns　the　hereditary　royalty　which　is

sanctioned　by　the　Constitution。　　The　second　phrase　can　be　used　to

legitimate　hereditary　monarchy　and　an　aristocracy。　…　Articles　10　and

11　bear　upon　the　manifestations　of　religious　convictions　and　on

freedom　of　speech　and　of　the　press。　　By　virtue　of　these　two　articles

worship；　speech；　and　the　press　may　be　made　subject　to　the　most

repressive　restrictions；　etc。



＇38＇　The　International　Bill　of　Human　Rights　of　1948　is　quite

different　from　the　one　approved　in　1789。　　In　1948　there　is　no　more

any　mention　of　any　〃right　to　resistance　to　oppression〃；　there　is　a

softening　of　the　position　on　the　right　of　property　and　new　rights；

to　free　education；　to　a　country；　to　rest　and　leisure；　to　a　high

standard　of　health　and　to　an　adequate　standard　of　living　have　been

introduced。　　（SR。）



＇39＇　Stalin　and　his　successors　organized　such　a　system　of　〃clubs〃

world…wide　which　even　today　remain　active　as　〃protectors〃　of　the

environment；　refugees；　prisoners；　animals　and　the　environment。

（SR。）



＇40＇　Buchez　and　Roux　；　XI。　　237。　　（Speech　by　Malouet　in　relation　to

the　revision；　August　5；　1791。）　〃You　constantly　tempt　the　people　with

sovereignty　without　giving　them　the　immediate　use　of　it。〃



＇41＇　Decrees　of　September　25　…　October　6；　1791；　September　28　…

October　6；　1791。



＇42＇　Impartial　contemporaries；　those　well　qualified　to　judge；　agree

as　to　the　absurdity　of　the　Constitution。



〃The　Constitution　was　a　veritable　monster。　　There　was　too　much　of

monarchy　in　it　for　a　republic；　and　too　much　of　a　republic　for　a

monarchy。　　The　King　was　a　side…dish；　un　hors　d'？uvre；　everywhere

present　in　appearance　but　without　any　actual　power。〃　（Dumont；　339。）



〃It　is　a　general　and　almost　universal　conviction　that　this

Constitution　is　inexecutable。　　The　makers　of　it　to　a　man　condemn　it。

（G。　　Morris；　September　30；　1791。）



〃Every　day　proves　more　clearly　that　their　new　Constitution　is　good

for　nothing。〃　（ibid。　　；　December　27；　1791。）



Cf。　　The　sensible　and　prophetic　speech　made　by　Malouet　（August　5；

1791；　Buchez　and　Roux；　XI。　　237）。



＇43＇　Taine's　vivid　description　is　likely　to　have　encouraged　any

radical　revolutionary　having　the　luck　to　read　his　explicit

description　of　how　to　proceed　with　the　destruction　of　a　na？ve

corrupt　capitalist；　bourgeois　society。　　（SR。）









BOOK　THIRD。　　THE　APPLICATION　OF　THE　CONSTITUTION。＇1＇





CHAPTER　I。



I。　The　Federations。　…　Popular　application　of　philosophic　theory。　…

Idyllic　celebration　of　the　Contrat…Social。　…　The　two　strata　of　the

human　mind。　…　Permanent　disorder。



If　there　ever　was　an　Utopia　which　seemed　capable　of　realization；　or；

what　is　still　more　to　the　purpose；　was　really　applied；　converted

into　a　fact；　fully　established；　it　is　that　of　Rousseau；　in　1789　and

during　the　three　following　years。　　For；　not　only　are　his　principles

embodied　in　the　laws；　and　the　Constitution　throughout　animated　with

his　spirit；　but　it　seems　as　if　the　nation　looked　upon　his

ideological　gambols；　his　abstract　fiction；　as　serious。　　This　fiction

it　carried　out　in　every　particular。　　A　social　contract；　at　one

spontaneous　and　practical；　an　immense　gathering　of　men　associating

together　freely　for　the　first　time　for　the　recognition　of　their

respective　rights；　forming　a　specific　compact；　and　binding

themselves　by　a　solemn　oath：　such　is　the　social　recipe　prescribed　by

the　philosophers；　and　which　is　carried　out　to　the　letter。　　Moreover；

as　this　recipe　is　esteemed　infallible；　the　imagination　is　worked

upon　and　the　sensibilities　of　the　day　are　brought　into　play。　　It　is

admitted　that　men；　on　again　becoming　equals；　have　again　become

brothers。＇2＇　A　sudden　and　amazing　harmony　of　all　volitions　and　all

intelligences　will　restore　the　golden　age　on　earth。　　It　is　proper；

accordingly；　to　regard　the　social　contract　as　a　festival；　an

affecting；　sublime　idyll；　in　which；　from　one　end　of　France　to　the

other；　all；　hand　in　hand；　should　assemble　and　swear　to　the　new

compact；　with　song；　with　dance；　with　tears　of　joy；　with　shouts　of

gladness；　the　worthy　beginning　of　public　felicity。　　With　unanimous

assent；　indeed；　the　idyll　is　performed　as　if　according　to　a　written

program。



On　the　29th　of　November；　1789；　at　Etoile；　near　Valence；　the

federations　began。＇3＇　　Twelve　thousand　National　Guards；　from　the　two

banks　of　the　Rh？ne；　promise　〃to　remain　for　ever　united；　to　insure

the　circulation　of　grain；　and　to　maintain　the　laws　passed　by　the

National　Assembly。〃　On　the　13th　of　December；　at　Montélimart；　six

thousand　men；　the　representatives　of　27　000　other　men；　take　a

similar　oath　and　confederate　themselves　with　the　foregoing。　…　Upon

this　the　excitement　spreads　from　month　to　month　and　from　province　to

province。　　Fourteen　towns　of　the　bailiwicks　of　Franche…Comté　form　a

patriotic　league。　　At　Pontivy；　Brittany　enters　into　federal

relations　with　Anjou。　　One　thousand　National　Guards　of　Vivarais　and

Languedoc　send　their　delegates　to　Voute。　　48　000　in　the　Vosges　send

their　deputies　to　Epinal。　　During　February；　March；　April；　and　May；

1790；　in　Alsace；　Champagne；　Dauphiny；　Orléanais；　Touraine；　Lyonnais；

and　Provence；　there　is　the　same　spectacle。　　At　Draguignan　eight

thousand　National　Guards　take　the　oath　in　the　presence　of　20　000

spectators。　　At　Lyons　50　000　men；　delegates　of　more　than　500　000

others　take　the　civic　oath。　…　But　local　unions　are　not　sufficient　to

complete　the　organization　of　France　；　a　general　union　of　all

Frenchmen　must　take　place。　　Many　of　the　various　National　Guards　have

already　written　to　Paris　for　the　purpose　of　affiliating　themselves

with　the　National　Guard　there；　and；　one　the　5th　of　June；　the

Parisian　municipal　body　having　proposed　it；　the　Assembly　decrees　the

universal　federation。　　It　is　to　take　place　on　the　14th　of　July；

everywhere　on　the　same　day；　both　at　the　center　and　at　the

extremities　of　the　kingdom。　　There　is　to　be　one　in　the　principal

town　of　each　district　and　of　each　department；　and　one　in　the

capital。　　To　the　latter　each　body　of　the　National　Guards　is　to　send

deputies　in　the　proportion　of　one　man　to　every　two　hundred；　and　each

regiment　one　officer；　one　non…commissioned　officer；　and　four

privates。　　Fourteen　thousand　representatives　of　the　National　Guard

of　the　provinces　appear　on　the　Champ　de　Mars；　the　theater　of　the

festival；　also　eleven　to　twelve　thousand　representatives　of　the　land

and　marine　forces；　besides　the　National　Guard　of　Paris；　and　sixty

thousand　spectators　on　the　surrounding　slopes；　with　a　still　greater

crowd　on　the　heights　of　Chaillot　and　of　Passy。　　All　rise　to　their

feet　and　swear　fidelity　to　the　nation；　to　the　law；　to　the　King　and

to　the　new　Constitution。　　When　the　report　of　the　cannon　is　heard

which　announces　the　taking　of　the　oath；　those　of　the　Parisians　who

have　remained　at　home；　men；　women；　and　children；　raise　their　hands

in　the　direction　of　the　Champ　de　Mars　and　likewise　make　their

affirmation。　　In　every　principal　town　of　every　district；　department；

and　commune　in　France　there　is　the　same　oath　on　the　same　day。　　Never

was　there　a　more　perfect　social　compact　heard　of。　　Here；　for　the

first　time　in　the　world；　everybody　beholds　a　veritable　legitimate

society；　for　it　is　founded　on　free　pledges；　on　solemn　stipulations；

and　on　actual　consent。　　They　possess　the　authentic　act　and　the　dated

official　report　of　it。＇4＇



There　is　still　something　more　…　the　time　and　the　occasion　betoken　a

union　of　all　hearts。　　The　barriers　which　have　hitherto　separated　men

from　each　other　are　all　removed　and　without　effort。　　Provincial

antagonisms　are　now　to　cease：　the　confederates　of　Brittany　and　Anjou

write　that　they　no　longer　desire　to　be　Angevins　and　Bretons；　but

simply　Frenchmen。　　All　religious　discords　are　to　come　to