the origins of contemporary france-2- 第58部分

practical　legislators。　…　On　the　sick　body　entrusted　to　it；　it

performed　amputations　which　were　as　useless　as　they　were　excessive；

and　applied　bandages　as　inadequate　as　they　were　injurious。　　With　the

exception　of　two　or　three　restrictions　admitted　inadvertently；　and

the　maintenance　of　the　show　of　royalty；　also　the　obligation　of　a

small　electoral　qualification；　it　carried　out　its　principle　to　the

end；　the　principle　of　Rousseau。　　It　deliberately　refused　to　consider

man　as　he　really　was　under　its　own　eyes；　and　persisted　in　seeing

nothing　in　him　but　the　abstract　being　created　in　books。

Consequently；　with　the　blindness　and　obstinacy　characteristic　of　a

speculative　surgeon；　it　destroyed；　in　the　society　submitted　to　its

scalpel　and　its　theories；　not　only　the　tumors；　the　enlargements；　and

the　inflamed　parts　of　the　organs；　but　also　the　organs　themselves；

and　even　the　vital　governing　centers　around　which　cells　arrange

themselves　to　recompose　an　injured　organ。　　That　is；　the　Assembly

destroyed　on　the　one　hand　the　time…honored；　spontaneous；　and　lasting

societies　formed　by　geographical　position；　history；　common

occupations　and　interests；　and　on　the　other；　those　natural　chiefs

whose　name；　repute；　education；　independence；　and　earnestness

designated　them　as　the　best　qualified　to　occupy　high　positions。　　In

one　direction　it　despoils　and　permits　the　ruin　and　proscription　of

the　superior　class；　the　nobles；　the　members　of　Parliament；　and　the

upper　middle　class。　　In　another　it　dispossesses　and　breaks　up　all

historic　or　natural　corporations；　religious　congregations；　clerical

bodies；　provinces；　parliaments；　societies　of　art　and　of　all　other

professions　and　pursuits。　　This　done；　every　tie　or　bond　which　holds

men　together　is　found　to　be　severed；　all　subordination　and　every

graduated　scale　of　rank　have　disappeared。　　There　is　no　longer　rank

and　file；　or　commander…in…chief。　　Nothing　remains　but　individual

particles；　26　millions　of　equal　and　disconnected　atoms。　　Never　was

so　much　disintegrated　matter；　less　capable　of　resistance；　offered　to

hands　undertaking　to　mold　it。　　Harshness　and　violence　will　be

sufficient　to　ensure　success。　　These　brutal　hands　are　ready　for　the

work；　and　the　Assembly　which　has　reduced　the　material　to　powder　has

likewise　provided　the　mortar　and　pestle。　　As　awkward　in　destruction

as　it　is　in　construction；　it　invents　for　the　restoration　of　order　in

a　society　which　is　turned　upside　down　a　machine　which　would；　of

itself；　create　disorder　in　a　tranquil　society。　　The　most　absolute

and　most　concentrated　government　would　not　be　strong　enough　to

effect　without　disturbance　a　similar　equalization　of　ranks；　the　same

dismemberment　of　associations；　and　the　same　displacement　of

property。　　No　social　transformation　can　be　peacefully　accomplished

without　a　well…commanded　army；　obedient　and　everywhere　present；　as

was　the　case　in　the　emancipation　of　the　Russian　serfs　by　Emperor

Alexander。　　The　new　Constitution；＇42＇　on　the　contrary；　reduces　the

King　to　the　position　of　an　honorary　president；　suspected　and　called

in　question　by　a　disorganized　State。　　Between　him　and　the

legislative　body　it　interposes　nothing　but　sources　of　conflict；　and

suppresses　all　means　of　concord。　　The　monarch　has　no　hold　whatever

on　the　administrative　departments　which　he　must　direct；　the　mutual

independence　of　the　powers；　from　the　center　to　the　extremities　of

the　State；　everywhere　produces　indifference；　negligence；　and

disobedience　between　the　injunctions　issued　and　their　execution。

France　is　a　federation　of　forty　thousand　municipal　sovereignties；　in

which　the　authority　of　legal　magistrates　varies　according　to　the

caprice　of　active　citizens。　　These　active　citizens；　too　heavily

loaded；　shy　away　from　the　performance　of　public　duty；　in　which　a

minority　of　fanatics　and　ambitious　men　monopolize　the　right　to

speak；　to　vote；　all　influence；　the　power　and　all　action。　　They

justify　their　multiple　ursurpations；　their　unbridled　despotism；　and

their　increasing　encroachments　by　the　Declaration　of　the　Rights　of

Man。　　The　masterpiece＇43＇　of　ideal　abstractions　and　of　practical

absurdities　is　accomplished。　　In　accordance　with　the　Constitution

spontaneous　anarchy　becomes　legalized　anarchy。　　The　latter　is

perfect；　nothing　finer　of　the　kind　has　been　seen　since　the　ninth

century。



______________________________________________________________________



Notes：



＇1＇　The　name　for　the　dreaded　secret　Royal　warrant　of　arrest。　　（SR。）



＇2＇　The　initiative　rests　with　the　King　on　one　point：　war　cannot　be

decreed　by　the　Assembly　except　on　his　formal　and　preliminary

proposition。　　This　exception　was　secured　only　after　a　violent

struggle　and　a　supreme　effort　by　Mirabeau。



＇3＇　Speech　by　Lanjuinais；　November　7；　1789。　　〃We　determined　on　the

separation　of　the　powers。　　Why；　then；　should　the　proposal　he　made　to

us　to　unite　the　legislative　power　with　the　executive　power　in　the

persons　of　the　ministers？〃



＇4＇　See　the　attendance　of　the　Ministers　before　the　Legislative

Assembly。



＇5＇　〃Any　society　in　which　the　separation　of　the　powers　is　not

clearly　defined　has　no　constitution。〃　（Declaration　of　Rights；

article　XVI。）　…　This　principle　is　borrowed　from　a　text　by

Montesquieu；　also　from　the　American　Constitution。　　In　the　rest　the

theory　of　Rousseau　is　followed。



＇6＇　Mercure　de　France；　an　expression　by　Mallet　du　Pan。



＇7＇　Constitution　of　1791；　ch。　　II。　　articles　5；　6；　7。　　　Decree　of

September　25　…　October　6；　1791；　section　III。　　articles；　8　to　25。



＇8＇　Speeches　by　Barnave　and　Roederer　in　the　constituent　Assembly。　…

Speeches　by　Barnave　and　Duport　in　the　Jacobin　Club。



＇9＇　Principal　texts。　　（Duvergier；　〃Collection　des　Lois　et　Decrets。〃）

…　Laws　on　municipal　and　administrative　organization；　December　14　and

22；　1789；　August　12…20；　1790；　March　12；　1791。　　On　the　municipal

organization　of　Paris；　May　21st；　June　27；　1790。　…　Laws　on　the

organization　of　the　Judiciary；　August　16…24；　1790；　September　16…29；

1791；　September　29；　October　21；　1791。…　Laws　on　military

organization；　September　23；　October　29；　1790；　January　16；　1791；　July

27；　28；　1791　…　Laws　on　the　financial　organization；　November　14…

24；。1790；　November　23；　1790；　March　17；　1791；　September　26；　October

2；　1791。



＇10＇　The　removal　of　such　managerial　authority　has　since　the　second

World　war　taken　place　inside　the　United　Nations　and　other　Western

public　administrations　and　seems　to　be　the　aim　of　much　communist

trade　union　effort。　　The　result　has　everywhere　been　added　cost　and

decreased　efficiency。　　（SR。）



＇11＇　This　principle　has　been　introduced　in　Western　educational

systems　when　clever　self…appointed　psychologists　told　parents　and

teacher　alike　that　they　could　and　should　not　punish　their　children

but　only　talk　and　explain　to　them。　　（SR。）



＇12＇　This　description　fits　the　staff　regulations　of　the　United

Nations　secretariat　in　which　I　served　for　32　years。　（SR。）



＇13＇　Decrees　of　December　14　and　December　22；　1789：　〃In

municipalities　reduced　to　three　members　（communes　below　five　hundred

inhabitants）；　all　executive　functions　shall　belong　to　the　mayor

alone。〃



＇14＇　Could　it　be　that　Lenin　took　note　of　this　and　had　〃it　this

translated　in　Russian　and　made　use　of　it　in　his　and　later　in　Stalin's

schools　for　international　revolutionaries。　　It　would　in　any　case

have　weakened　the　Bourgeois　Capitalist　countries。　In　any　case　such

measures　have　been　introduced　both　in　the　international

organizations　and　in　most　Western　Democratic　Governments　after　World

War　II。　（SR。）



＇15＇　This　was　in　the　United　Nations　called　'Rotation'　and　made　the

administration　of　missions　and　forces　difficult；　expensive　and

inefficient。　　This　rotation　was　also　used　in　the　Indian　and　other

armies　in　order　to　prevent　the　officers　to　reach　an　understanding　or

achieve　any　power　over　the　troops　under　their　command。　　（SR。）



＇16＇　Laws　of　September　23　…　October　29；　1790；　January　16；　1791。

（Titles　II。　　And　VII。）　…　Cf。　　the　legal　prescriptions　in　relation　to

the　military　tribunals。　　In　every　prosecuting　or　judicial　jury　one…

seventh　of　the　sworn　members　are　taken　from　the　non…commissioned

officers；　and　one…seventh　from　the　soldiers；　and　again；　according　to

the　rank　of　the　accused；　the　number　of　those　of　the　same　rank　is

doubled。



＇17＇　Law　of　July　28th；　August　12；　1791。



＇18＇　Laws　of　November　24；　1789　（article　52）；　August　10…14；　1789。　…

Instruction　of　August　10…20；　1790；　§　8　…　　Law　of　October　21；

November　21；　1789。



＇19＇　Laws　of　November　14　and　23；　1790；　January　13th；　September　26th；

October　9；　1792。



＇20＇　Albert　Babeau；　I。　　327　（Féte　of　the　Federation；　July14；　1790）。

…　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　F7；　3215　（May　17；1791；　Deliberation　of　the

council…general　of　the　commune　of　Brest。　　May　17　and　19；　Letters　of

the　directory　of　the　district）。　…　Mercure；　March　5；　1791。　　〃Mesdames

are　stopped　until　the　return　of　the　two　deputies；　whom　the　Republic

of　Arnay…le…Duc　has　sent　to　the　representatives　of　the　nation　to

demonstrate　to　them　the　necessity　of　keeping　the　king's　aunts　in　the

kingdom。〃



＇21＇　Moniteur；　X。　　132。　　Speech　by　M。　　Labergerie；　November　8；　1791。



＇22＇　At　Montauban；　in　the　intendant's　salon；　the　ladies　of　the　place

spoke　patois　only；　the　grandmother　of　the　gentleman　who　has　informed

me　of　this　fact　did　not　understand　any　other　language。



＇23＇　Moniteur；　V。163；　sitting　of　July　18；　1791。　　Speech　by　M。

Lecoulteux；　reporter。



＇24＇　Moniteur；　XI。　　283；　sitting　of　February　2；　1792。　　Speech　by

Cambon：　〃They　go　away　thinking　that　they　understand　what　is

explained　to　them；　but　return　the　following　day　to　obtain　fresh

explanations。　　The　attorneys　refuse　to　give　the　municipalities　any

assistance；　stating　that　they　know　nothing　about　these　matters。〃



＇25＇　The　same　may　happen　when　a　subordinate　is　promoted　to　be　placed

in　charge　of　his　or　her　former　equals　and　colleagues。　　This　is　why

it　is　often　preferably　to　transfer　someone　who　is　recog