the origins of contemporary france-2- 第35部分

from　this　time　introduced　as　one　of　the　regular　wheels　of

legislative　operations。　　　Their　pressure　is　still　worse　outside　the

Chamber。＇39＇　　The　Assembly　is　obliged　several　times　to　double　its

guard。　　　On　the　27th　of　September；　1790；　there　are　40；000　men　around

the　building　to　extort　the　dismissal　of　the　Ministers；　and　〃motions

for　assassination〃　are　made　under　the　windows；　On　the　4th　of

January；　1791；　whilst　on　a　call　of　the　house　the　ecclesiastical

deputies　pass　in　turn　to　the　tribune；　to　take　or　refuse　the　oath　to

the　civil　constitution　of　the　clergy；　a　furious　clamor　ascends　in

the　Tuileries；　and　even　penetrates　into　the　Chamber。　　　〃To　the　lamp

post　with　all　those　who　refuse！　〃　On　the　27th　of　September；　1790；　M。

Dupont；　economist；　having　spoken　against　the　assignats；　is

surrounded　on　leaving　the　Chamber　and　hooted　at；　hustled；　pushed

against　the　basin　of　the　Tuileries；　into　which　he　was　being　thrown

when　the　guard　rescued　him。　　　On　the　21st　of　June；　1790；　M。　de

Cazalès　just　misses　〃being　torn　to　pieces　by　the　people。〃＇40＇

Deputies　of　the　〃right〃　are　threatened　over　and　over　again　by

gestures　in　the　streets　and　in　the　coffee…houses；　effigies　of　them

with　ropes　about　the　neck　are　publicly　displayed。　　　The　Abbé　Maury

is　several　times　on　the　point　of　being　hung：　he　saves　himself　once

by　presenting　a　pistol。　　　Another　time　the　Vicomte　de　Mirabeau　is

obliged　to　draw　his　sword。　　　M。　de　Clermont…Tonnerre；　having　voted

against　the　annexation　of　the　Comtat　to　France；　is　assailed　with

chairs　and　clubs　in　the　Palais…Royal；　pursued　into　a　porter's　room

and　from　thence　to　his　dwelling；　the　howling　crowd　break　in　the

doors；　and　are　only　repelled　with　great　difficulty。　　　It　is

impossible　for　the　members　of　the　〃right〃　to　assemble　together；　they

are　〃stoned〃　in　the　church　of　the　Capuchins；　then　in　the　Salon

Fran？ais　in　the　Rue　Royale；　and　then；　to　crown　the　whole；　an

ordinance　of　the　new　judges　shuts　up　their　hall；　and　punishes　them

for　the　violence　which　they　have　to　suffer。＇41＇　In　short　they　are　at

the　mercy　of　the　mob。　　　The　most　moderate；　the　most　liberal；　and　the

most　manly　both　in　heart　and　head；　Malouet；　declares　that　〃in　going

to　the　Assembly　he　rarely　forgot　to　carry　his　pistols　with　him。〃＇42＇

〃For　two　years；〃　he　says；　〃after　the　King's　flight；　we　never　enjoyed

one　moment　of　freedom　and　security。〃



　〃　On　going　into　a　slaughter…house；〃　writes　another　deputy；　〃you　see

some　animals　at　the　entrance　which　still　have　a　short　time　to　live；

until　the　hour　comes　to　dispatch　them。　　　Such　was　the　impression

which　the　assemblage　of　nobles；　bishops；　and　parliamentarians＇43＇　on

the　right　side　made　on　my　mind　every　time　I　entered　the　Assembly；

the　executioners　of　the　left　side　permitting　them　to　breathe　a

little　longer。〃



　They　are　insulted　and　outraged　even　upon　their　benches；　〃placed

between　peril　within　and　peril　without；　between　the　hostility　of　the

galleries；〃＇44＇　and　that　of　the　howlers　at　the　entrance；　〃　between

personal　insults　and　the　abbey　of　Saint…Germain；　between　shouts　of

laughter　celebrating　the　burning　of　their　chateaux　and　the　clamors

which；　thirty　times　in　a　quarter　of　an　hour；　cry　down　their

opinions；〃　they　are　given　over　and　denounced　〃to　the　ten　thousand

Cerberuses　〃　of　the　journals　and　of　the　streets；　who　pursue　them

with　their　yells　and　〃cover　them　with　their　slaver。〃　Any　expedient

is　good　enough　for　putting　down　their　opposition；　and；　at　the　end　of

the　session；　in　full　Assembly；　they　are　threatened　with　〃a

recommendation　to　the　departments；〃　which　means　the　excitement　of

riots　and　of　the　permanent　jacquerie　of　the　provinces　against　them

in　their　own　houses。　　…　　Parliamentary　strategy　of　this　sort；

employed　uninterruptedly　for　twenty…nine　months；　finally　produces

its　effect。　　　Many　of　the　weak　are　gained　over；＇45＇　even　on

characters　of　firm　temper　fear　has　a　hold；　he　who　would　march　under

fire　with　head　erect　shuddered　at　the　idea　of　being　dragged　in　the

gutter　by　the　rabble　；　the　brutality　of　the　populace　always

exercises　a　material　ascendancy　over　finely　strung　nerves。　　　On　the

12th　of　July；　1791；＇46＇　the　call　of　the　house　decreed　against　the

absentees　proves　that　one　hundred　and　thirty…two　deputies　no　longer

appear　in　their　places。　　　Eleven　days　before；　among　those　who　take

no　further　part　in　the　proceedings。　　　Thus；　before　the　completion　of

the　Constitution；　the　whole　of　the　opposition；　more　than　four

hundred　members；　over　one…third　of　the　Assembly；　is　reduced　to

flight　or　to　silence。　　　By　dint　of　oppression；　the　revolutionary

party　has　got　rid　of　all　resistance；　while　the　violence　which　gave

to　it　ascendancy　in　the　streets；　now　gives　to　it　equal　ascendance

within　the　walls　of　Parliament。







　IV。



　Refusal　to　supply　the　ministry　…　Effects　of　this　mistake　…

Misconception　of　the　situation　…　The　committee　of　investigation　…

Constant　alarms　…　Effects　of　ignorance　and　fear　on　the　work　of　the

Constituent　Assembly。



　Generally　in　an　omnipotent　assembly；　when　a　party　takes　the　lead

and　forms　a　majority；　it　furnishes　the　Ministry；　and　this　fact

suffices　to　give；　or　to　bring　back　to　it；　some　glimpse　of　common

sense。　　　For　its　leaders；　with　the　Government　in　their　own　hands；

become　responsible　for　it；　and　when　they　propose　or　pass　a　law；　they

are　obliged　to　anticipate　its　effect。　　　Rarely　will　a　Secretary　of

War　or　of　the　Navy　adopt　a　military　code　which　goes　to　establish

permanent　disobedience　in　the　army　or　in　the　navy。　　　Rarely　will　a

Secretary　of　the　Treasury　propose　an　expenditure　for　which　there　is

not　a　sufficient　revenue；　or　a　system　of　taxation　that　provides　no

returns。　　　Placed　where　full　information　can　be　procured；　daily

advised　of　every　details；　surrounded　by　skillful　counselors　and

expert　clerks；　the　chiefs　of　the　majority；　who　thus　become　heads　of

the　administration；　immediately　drop　theory　for　practice；　and　the

fumes　of　political　speculation　must　be　pretty　dense　in　their　minds

if　they　exclude　the　multiplied　rays　of　light　which　experience

constantly　sheds　upon　them。　　　Let　the　most　stubborn　of　theorists

take　his　stand　at　the　helm　of　a　ship；　and；　whatever　be　the　obstinacy

of　his　principles　or　his　prejudices；　he　will　never；　unless　he　is

blind　or　led　by　the　blind；　persist　in　steering　always　to　the　right

or　always　to　the　left。　　　Just　so　after　the　flight　to　Varennes；　when

the　Assembly；　in　full　possession　of　the　executive　power；　directly

controls　the　Ministry；　it　comes　to　recognize　for　itself　that　its

constitutional　machine　will　not　work；　except　in　the　way　of

destruction；　and　it　is　the　principal　revolutionaries；　Barnave；

Duport；　the　Lameths；　Chapelier；　and　Thouret；＇47＇　who　undertake　to

make　alterations　in　the　mechanisms　so　as　to　lessen　its　friction。

But　this　source　of　knowledge　and　reason；　however；　to　which　they　are

momentarily　induced　to　draw；　in　spite　of　themselves　and　too　late；

has　been　turned　off　by　themselves　from　the　very　beginning。　　　On　the

6th　of　November；　1789；　in　deference　to　principle　and　in　dread　of

corruption；　the　Assembly　had　declared　that　none　of　its　members

should　hold　ministerial　office。　　　We　see　it　in　consequence　deprived

of　all　the　instruction　which　comes　from　direct　contact　with　affairs；

surrendered　without　any　counterpoise　to　the　seductions　of　theory；

reduced　by　its　own　decision　to　become　a　mere　academy　of　legislation

only。



　Nay；　still　worse；　through　another　effect　of　the　same　error；　it

condemns　itself　by　its　own　act　to　constant　fits　of　panic。　　　For；

having　allowed　the　power　which　it　was　not　willing　to　assume　to　slip

into　indifferent　or　suspect　hands；　it　is　always　uneasy；　and　all　its

decrees　bear　an　uniform　stamp；　not　only　of　the　willful　ignorance

within　which　it　confines　itself；　but　also　of　the　exaggerated　or

chimerical　fears　in　which　its　life　is　passed。　　…　　　Imagine　a　ship

conveying　a　company　of　lawyers；　literary　men；　and　other　passengers；

who；　supported　by　a　mutinous　and　poorly　fed　crew；　take　full　command；

but　refuse　to　select　one　of　their　own　number　for　a　pilot　or　for　the

officer　of　the　watch。　　　The　former　captain　continues　to　nominate

them；　through　very　shame；　and　because　he　is　a　good　sort　of　man；　his

title　is　left　to　him；　and　he　is　retained　for　the　transmission　of

orders。　　　If　these　orders　are　absurd；　so　much　the　worse　for　him；　if

he　resists　them；　a　fresh　mutiny　forces　him　to　yield；　and　even　when

they　cannot　be　executed；　he　has　to　answer　for　their　being　carried

out。　　　In　the　meantime；　in　a　room　between　decks；　far　away　from　the

helm　and　the　compass；　our　club　of　amateurs　discuss　the　equilibrium

of　floating　bodies；　decree　a　new　system　of　navigation；　have　the

ballast　thrown　overboard；　crowd　on　all　sail；　and　are　astonished　to

find　that　the　ship　heels　over　on　its　side。　　　The　officer　of　the

watch　and　the　pilot　must；　evidently；　have　managed　the　maneuver

badly。　　　They　are　accordingly　dismissed　and　others　put　in　their

place；　while　the　ship　heels　over　farther　yet　and　begins　to　leak　in

every　joint。　　　Enough：　it　is　the　fault　of　the　captain　and　the　old

staff　of　officers；　They　are　not　well…disposed；　for　a　beautiful

system　of　navigation　like　this　ought　to　work　well；　and　if　it　fails

to　do　so；　it　is　because　some　one　interferes　with　it。　　　It　is

positively　certain　that　some　of　those　people　belonging　to　the　former

régime　must　be　traitors；　who　would　rather　have　the　ship　go　down　than

submit；　they　are　public　enemies　and　monsters。　　　They　must　be　seized；

disarmed；　put　under　surveillance；　and　punished。　　…　　　Such　is　the

reasoning　of　the　Assembly。　　　Evidently；　to　reassure　it；　a　message

from　the　Minister　of　the　Interior　chosen　by　the　Assembly；　to　the

lieutenant　of　police　whom　he　had　appointed；　to　come　to　his　office

every　morning；　would　be　all　that　was　necessary。　　　But　it　is　deprived

of　this　simple　resource　by　its　own　act；　and　has　no　other　expedient

than　to　appoint　a　committee　of　investigation　to　discover　crimes　of

〃treason　against　the　nation。〃＇48＇　　What　could　be