《hesiod, the homeric hymns, and homerica》

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On the Hesiodic poems generally the ordinary Histories of Greek Literature may be consulted; but especially the 〃Hist。 de la Litterature Grecque〃 I pp。 459 ff。 of MM。 Croiset。  The summary account in Prof。 Murray's 〃Anc。 Gk。 Lit。〃 is written with a strong sceptical bias。  Very valuable is the appendix to Mair's translation (Oxford; 1908) on 〃The Farmer's Year in Hesiod〃。  Recent work on the Hesiodic poems is reviewed in full by Rzach in Bursian's 〃Jahresberichte〃 vols。 100 (1899) and 152 (1911)。

For the 〃Fragments〃 of Hesiodic poems the work of Markscheffel; 〃Hesiodi Fragmenta〃 (Leipzig; 1840); is most valuable: important also is Kinkel's 〃Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta〃 I (Leipzig; 1877) and the editions of Rzach noticed above。  For recently discovered papyrus fragments see Wilamowitz; 〃Neue Bruchstucke d。 Hesiod Katalog〃 (Sitzungsb。 der k。 preuss。 Akad。 fur Wissenschaft; 1900; pp。 839…851)。  A list of papyri belonging to lost Hesiodic works may here be added: all are the 〃Catalogues〃。

1)   Berlin Papyri 7497 (1) (2nd cent。)。  Frag。 7。 2)   Oxyrhynchus Papyri 421 (2nd cent。)。  Frag。 7。 3)   〃Petrie Papyri〃 iii 3。  Frag。 14。 4)   〃Papiri greci e latine〃; No。 130 (2nd…3rd cent。)。  Frag。      14。 5)   Strassburg Papyri; 55 (2nd cent。)。  Frag。 58。 6)   Berlin Papyri 9739 (2nd cent。)。  Frag。 58。 7)   Berlin Papyri 10560 (3rd cent。)。  Frag。 58。 8)   Berlin Papyri 9777 (4th cent。)。  Frag。 98。 9)   〃Papiri greci e latine〃; No。 131 (2nd…3rd cent。)。  Frag。      99。 10)  Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1358…9。


The Homeric Hymns:  The text of the Homeric hymns is distinctly bad in condition; a fact which may be attributed to the general neglect under which they seem to have laboured at all periods previously to the Revival of Learning。  Very many defects have been corrected by the various editions of the Hymns; but a considerable number still defy all efforts; and especially an abnormal number of undoubted lacuna disfigure the text。  Unfortunately no papyrus fragment of the Hymns has yet emerged; though one such fragment (〃Berl。 Klassikertexte〃 v。1。 pp。 7 ff。) contains a paraphrase of a poem very closely parallel to the 〃Hymn to Demeter〃。

The mediaeval MSS。 (2) are thus enumerated by Dr。 T。W。 Allen: 

A    Paris; Bibl。 Nat。 2763。 At   Athos; Vatopedi 587。 B    Paris; Bibl。 Nat。 2765。 C    Paris; Bibl。 Nat。 2833。    Brussels; Bibl。 Royale 11377…11380 (16th cent。)。 D    Milan; Amrbos。 B 98 sup。 E    Modena; Estense iii E 11。 G    Rome; Vatican; Regina 91 (16th cent。)。 H    London; British Mus。 Harley 1752。 J    Modena; Estense; ii B 14。 K    Florence; Laur。 31; 32。 L    Florence; Laur。 32; 45。 L2   Florence; Laur。 70; 35。 L3   Florence; Laur。 32; 4。 M    Leyden (the Moscow MS。) 33 H (14th cent。)。 Mon。 Munich; Royal Lib。 333 c。 N    Leyden; 74 c。 O    Milan; Ambros。 C 10 inf。 P    Rome; Vatican Pal。 graec。 179。  Paris; Bibl。 Nat。 Suppl。 graec。 1095。 Q    Milan; Ambros。 S 31 sup。 R1   Florence; Bibl。 Riccard。 53 K ii 13。 R2   Florence; Bibl。 Riccard。 52 K ii 14。 S    Rome; Vatican; Vaticani graec。 1880。 T    Madrid; Public Library 24。 V    Venice; Marc。 456。

The same scholar has traced all the MSS。 back to a common parent from which three main families are derived (M had a separate descent and is not included in any family): 

x1 = E;T x2 = L;;(and more remotely) At;D;S;H;J;K。 y = E;L;;T (marginal readings)。 p = A;B;C;;G;L2;L3;N;O;P;Q;R1;R2;V;Mon。


Editions of the Homeric Hymns; & c。: 

Demetrius Chalcondyles; Florence; 1488 (with the 〃Epigrams〃 and      the 〃Battle of the Frogs and Mice〃 in the 〃ed。 pr。〃 of      Homer)。 Aldine Edition; Venice; 1504。 Juntine Edition; 1537。 Stephanus; Paris; 1566 and 1588。

More modern editions or critical works of value are:

Martin (Variarum Lectionum libb。 iv); Paris; 1605。 Barnes; Cambridge; 1711。 Ruhnken; Leyden; 1782 (Epist。 Crit。 and 〃Hymn to Demeter〃)。 Ilgen; Halle; 1796 (with 〃Epigrams〃 and the 〃Battle of the Frogs      and Mice〃)。 Matthiae; Leipzig; 1806 (with the 〃Battle of the Frogs and      Mice〃)。 Hermann; Berling; 1806 (with 〃Epigrams〃)。 Franke; Leipzig; 1828 (with 〃Epigrams〃 and the 〃Battle of the      Frogs and Mice〃)。 Dindorff (Didot edition); Paris; 1837。 Baumeister (〃Battle of the Frogs and Mice〃); Gottingen; 1852。 Baumeister (〃Hymns〃); Leipzig; 1860。 Gemoll; Leipzig; 1886。 Goodwin; Oxford; 1893。 Ludwich (〃Battle of the Frogs and Mice〃); 1896。 Allen and Sikes; London; 1904。 Allen (Homeri Opera v); Oxford; 1912。

Of these editions that of Messrs Allen and Sikes is by far the best: not only is the text purged of the load of conjectures for which the frequent obscurities of the Hymns offer a special opening; but the Introduction and the Notes throughout are of the highest value。  For a full discussion of the MSS。 and textual problems; reference must be made to this edition; as also to Dr。 T。W。 Allen's series of articles in the 〃Journal of Hellenic Studies〃 vols。 xv ff。  Among translations those of J。 Edgar (Edinburgh); 1891) and of Andrew Lang (London; 1899) may be mentioned。


The Epic Cycle: 

The fragments of the Epic Cycle; being drawn from a variety of authors; no list of MSS。 can be given。  The following collections and editions may be mentioned: 

Muller; Leipzig; 1829。 Dindorff (Didot edition of Homer); Paris; 1837…56。 Kinkel (Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta i); Leipzig; 1877。 Allen (Homeri Opera v); Oxford; 1912。

The fullest discussion of the problems and fragments of the epic cycle is F。G。 Welcker's 〃der epische Cyclus〃 (Bonn; vol。 i; 1835: vol。 ii; 1849: vol。 i; 2nd edition; 1865)。  The Appendix to Monro's 〃Homer's Odyssey〃 xii…xxiv (pp。 340 ff。) deals with the Cyclic poets in relation to Homer; and a clear and reasonable discussion of the subject is to be found in Croiset's 〃Hist。 de la Litterature Grecque〃; vol。 i。


On Hesiod; the Hesiodic poems and the problems which these offer see Rzach's most important article 〃Hesiodos〃 in Pauly…Wissowa; 〃Real…Encyclopadie〃 xv (1912)。

A discussion of the evidence for the date of Hesiod is to be found in 〃Journ。 Hell。 Stud。〃 xxxv; 85 ff。 (T。W。 Allen)。

Of translations of Hesiod the following may be noticed:  〃The Georgicks of Hesiod〃; by George Chapman; London; 1618; 〃The Works of Hesiod translated from the Greek〃; by Thomas Coocke; London; 1728; 〃The Remains of Hesiod translated from the Greek into English Verse〃; by Charles Abraham Elton; 〃The Works of Hesiod; Callimachus; and Theognis〃; by the Rev。 J。 Banks; M。A。; 〃Hesiod〃; by Prof。 James Mair; Oxford; 1908 (3)。


ENDNOTES:

(1)  See Schubert; 〃Berl。 Klassikertexte〃 v。 1。22 ff。; the other      papyri may be found in the publications whose name they      bear。 (2)  Unless otherwise noted; all MSS。 are of the 15th century。 (3)  To this list I would also add the following: 〃Hesiod and      Theognis〃; translated by Dorothea Wender (Penguin Classics;      London; 1973)。  DBK。



THE WORKS OF HESIOD


WORKS AND DAYS (832 lines)

(ll。 1…10) Muses of Pieria who give glory through song; come hither; tell of Zeus your father and chant his praise。  Through him mortal men are famed or un…famed; sung or unsung alike; as great Zeus wills。  For easily he makes strong; and easily he brings the strong man low; easily he humbles the proud and raises the obscure; and easily he straightens the crooked and blasts the proud;  Zeus who thunders aloft and has his dwelling most high。

Attend thou with eye and ear; and make judgements straight with righteousness。  And I; Perses; would tell of true things。

(ll。 11…24) So; after all; there was not one kind of Strife alone; but all over the earth there are two。  As for the one; a man would praise her when he came to understand her; but the other is blameworthy: and they are wholly different in nature。  For one fosters evil war and battle; being cruel: her no man loves; but perforce; through the will of the deathless gods; men pay harsh Strife her honour due。  But the other is the elder daughter of dark Night; and the son of Cronos who sits above and dwells in the aether; set her in the roots of the earth: and she is far kinder to men。  She stirs up even the shiftless to toil; for a man grows eager to work when he considers his neighbour; a rich man who hastens to plough and plant and put his house in good order; and neighbour vies with is neighbour as he hurries after wealth。  This Strife is wholesome for men。  And potter is angry with potter; and craftsman with craftsman; and beggar is jealous of beggar; and minstrel of minstrel。

(ll。 25…41) Perses; lay up these things in your heart; and do not let that Strife who delights in mischief hold your heart back from work; while you peep and peer and listen to the wrangles of the court…house。  Little concern has he with quarrels and courts who has not a year's victuals laid up betimes; even that which the earth bears; Demeter's grain。  When you have got plenty of that; you can raise disputes and strive to get another's goods。  But you shall have no second chance to deal so again: nay; let us settle our dispute here with true judgement divided our inheritance; but you seized the greater share and carried it off; greatly swelling the glory of our bribe…swallowing lords who love to judge such a cause as this。  Fools!  They know not how much more the half is than the whole; nor what great advantage there is in mallow and asphodel (1)。

(ll。 42…53) For the gods keep hidden from men the means of life。  Else you would easily do work enough in a day to supply you for a full year even without working; soon would you put away your rudder over the smoke; and the fields worked by ox and sturdy mule would run to waste。  But Zeus in the anger of his heart hid it; because Prometheus the crafty deceived him; therefore he planned sorrow and mischief against men。  He hid fire; but that the noble son of Iapetus stole again for men from Zeus the counsellor in a hollow fennel…stalk; so that Zeus who delights in thunder did not see it。  But afterwards Zeus who gathers the clouds said to him in anger:

(ll。 54…59) ‘Son of Iapetus; surpassing all in cunning; you are glad that you have outwitted me and stolen fire  a great plague to you yourself and to men that shall be。  But I will give men as the price for fire an evil thing in which they may all be glad of heart while they e
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