on动不动就把人烧死，因为Galileo是大学者，又太老了（七十岁），又有点后台（有贵人保护），又“认错”，于是“优待”，改判为“终身软禁”（permanent house arrest）。House arrest； a form of arrest in which a person is confined under guard in his own house：Authorities insisted no one had been jailed but said some strikers were under house arrest。（Tuscaloosa News）
他“认错”以后，偷偷在一个朋友耳边说：“但它（地球）还在动啊！”Yet it does move！（Epur si muove！）
他被关在家里，大诗人John Milton（当时三十岁），到Italy旅行，到Galileo家里拜访，Galileo已经瞎了，真巧，十四年后，Milton也瞎了。
John Milton； an English poet and political writer； wrote one of the world's greatest epics； Paradise Lost。（一六六七）He posed this famous epic and two other works； Paradise Regained（一六七一）and Samson Agonistes（一六七一）； when he was totally blind。 Milton
Galileo的头脑比时代新，所以老是倒霉。这叫“生不逢辰”（born at a wrong time；luckless；unlucky）。
对Galileo在science方面的conclusion是——c。 1600 Galileo emphasized the mathematical interpretation of experiments in science。 He discovered many important physical laws。
第三个科学家——哈维（William Harvey），活了七十九岁。
中文有句成语叫“周而复始”（to repeat the cycle all over again）血在人身体里就是周而复始的。发现这一现象很不容易。
但是哈维发现了。哈维也指出过Aristotle的错误，但对Aristotle的敬爱并不因而减少。哈维有一个大阔佬病人，也是他的好朋友，就是当时英国的皇帝King Charles I。后来Charles I倒台，在Oxford地方哈维的许多稿本都被反对皇帝的人destroyed了，Their loss caused him great sorrow。
对William Harvey在science方面的conclusion是——1628 William Harvey published his theory on the circulation of the blood。
第四个科学家——波义尔（Robert Boyle），活了六十四岁。
波义尔是哲学家、物理学家、化学家（Boyel was a philosopher； a physicist and a chemist）；“the father of modern chemistry”。
英国最有名，也是世界最有名的学术团体——皇家学会（the Royal Society）创办的时候，本来要请Boyel做会长，但因为他在religion方面的原因不愿宣誓，所以没做。（While at Oxford he was the leader of a group of scientists known as the Invisible College； which in 1663 was incorporated as the Royal Society of London。 Although Boyle was invited to be president of this organization in 1680； he refused because he had religious scruples against taking an oath。 Boyle was deeply religious。 At Geneva he had been under strong Calvinist influence which deeply impressed him and gave his life a serious character。）
ROYAL SOCIETY is the oldest scientific society in the world and probably the most famous。 The full title of the organization is The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge。 It grew out of weekly meetings which London scientists held as early as 1645。 In 1660； the society was officially organized with the approval of King Charles II。（就是Charles I的儿子。）
In 1662； the society was formally incorporated by charter of Charles II as the Royal Society of London for Promoting Natural Knowledge； or； as it is popularly known； the Royal Society。 From its earliest years； the Society maintained correspondence with Continental philosophers； and selections from this correspondence became the world…famous Philosophical Transactions。 Sir Isaac Newton was the Society's president from 1703 until his death in 1727。 In the approximately 300 years of its existence； the Society has sponsored numerous scientific expeditions and extensive research； including； in recent years； a notable series of investigations of tropical diseases。
对Boyle在science方面的conclusion是——1660's Robert Boyle applied the scientific method to chemistry。
第五个科学家——牛顿（Isaac Newton），活了八十五岁。
Galileo死的那年（Jan。8； 1642），就是Newton生的那年（Dec。25； 1642）。
Galileo死在年头，Newton生在年尾。他们都没结婚，但Galileo有两个女儿一个儿子。Galileo的一些观察是错的，他虽然把球从斜塔朝下丢，但并没发现落体的真正速度，也没成立定律（law），直到Newton出来，才完成了这一解释。牛顿是个“遗腹子”（an infant born after the death of its father；a posthumous child），从小妈妈不在身边，跟姥姥长大，他从小就喜欢科学。
①Newton discovered that sunlight is a mixture of light of all colors。 He passed a beam of sunlight through a glass prism and studied the colors that were produced。（By passing a beam of sunlight through a prism； Newton showed that white light is made up of the rainbow's colors。）
②He made great discoveries in the field of mathematics。 He is credited with inventing integral and differential calculus。（微积分）
③He was the first to state the laws of gravitation。
Newton的成绩，英国诗人Alexander Pope有两句诗描写得最好：
Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night：
God said； Let Newton be！and all was light。
（Alexander Pope：Epigram on Sir Isaac Newton）
In 1705 Newton was knighted by Queen Anne。 所以他名字前面有Sir。就是爵士。热门音乐中文也翻成爵士，但那是jazz的译音，并不真的是爵士，并且乱扭乱唱，一点也不爵士。
Newton虽然有那么大的成绩，但他很谦虚（humble），他说：
To myself seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea…shore； and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary； whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me。
对Newton在science方面的conclusion是——1687 Sir Isaac Newton published the Principia； which summarized basic of mechanics。 Newton formulated the laws of gravitation and motion and contributed greatly to the theories of light and optical science。
第六个科学家——爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein），活了七十六岁。
爱因斯坦是German（德国人），又变成了Swiss（瑞士人），又变成了German，又变成了American（美国人），但他的blood是Jew（犹太人）。他帮助Jews复国，但成立Israel（以色列）的时候，他拒绝做总统，结果由他的朋友，会六国语言的Weizmann做了。
Einstein的新学说是“相对论”（the Theory of Relativity），使Newton的学说一部分动摇。
Albert Einstein； the German…American physicist； rejected Newton's explanation of universal gravitation but not the fact of its operation。 He said that his own work would have been impossible without Newton's discoveries。 He also said that the concepts Newton developed “are even today still guiding our thinking in physics”。
人类能够利用原子能（atomic power），就是从Einstein来的，没有Einstein，就没有原子弹（atomic bomb）用来war，也没有原子能用来peaceful uses。
对Einstein在science方面的conclusion是——1905 Albert Einstein presented his Special Theory of Relativity。 Einstein developed the theory of relativity which revised older theories of time and space； and led to the use of atomic power。
爸 爸 一九七五年五月三十一日
五月十八日信上托姥姥每周办的事，姥姥办了吗？
从鸭嘴兽到水獭
一
亲爱的小文：
一个半世纪前，科学家刚听说有一种下蛋的哺乳动物（egg…laying mammal），他们都不相信，说胡扯（a hoax），没想到世界上真有这么一种动物，就是“鸭嘴兽”（platypus）。鸭嘴兽只在澳洲（Australia）东海岸才有，澳洲也叫澳大利亚，是一个国家。
澳洲本来跟亚洲连在一起，但在五千万年以前分开了，所以它自己成为一个特别的地方，老是有些全世界只有它有别人没有的怪东西，鸭嘴兽就是其中之一。（Australia has many kinds of strange animals not found on other continents。 This is because the bridge of land that once connected Australia with Asia disappeared about 50 million years ago。 From then on； most of Australia's animal life developed independently）
另外一种只有澳洲有的小动物，就是koala，爸爸有一封信专门跟你谈过它，你记得吗？
Koala means “no drink”； and the aboriginal word well describes the gentle marsupial that draws moisture only from its food； the leaves of certain eucalyptus；（油加里树，也叫桉树，是常绿乔木，长得很快）or gum trees。 With oddly arranged fingers…the first two oppose the other three…a koala clings to a branch in a sanctuary at Waikerie。 Phascolarctos cinereous faced extinction by fur hunters until the 1920's； when conservation laws began to protect the continent's dozens of marsupial species。
Koala也叫袋鼠熊（kangaroo bear）。
袋鼠（kangaroo）也只有澳洲有。袋鼠前面两只手，很会打拳（boxing），后面两脚，很能跳，大尾巴在跳的时候可帮忙保持平衡（balance）。
美国有俗语“袋鼠法庭”kangaroo court； U。S。 Informal。 an unauthorized or unofficial court； usually self constituted； as a mock court by prisoners in a jail or a frontier court：…shot down over North Korea in 1952 and condemned to prison by a Red kangaroo court。（Newsweek），类似中文所说的“私设公堂”。以前在Kangaroo州，法官巡回各地办案，由这跑到那，很像袋鼠跳来跳去，所以叫袋鼠法庭。（Kangaroo court：A kangaroo court is an illegal mock or sham court； usually one set up by inmates of a prison to levy fines and punishment on other inmates who violate the “code”。 Such organizations； usually very informal in nature； exist in most large prisons and are even encouraged by some wardens as a useful device for maintaining order。 The name probably originated at the time when Australia； land of the kangaroo； was the penal colony for the British Empire。 The term has occasionally…and inaccurately…been applied to the kind of roadside justice of the peace court which exists only to collect fines from motorists caught in speed traps。）
当然这个kangaroo court是来自有kangaroo的地方才对。澳洲有袋鼠，澳洲以前又是英国的天然监狱，所以kangaroo court的观念（idea）是从澳洲来的。
英国本来把political prisoners朝美国送的，美国独立以后，英国要找个地方送prisoners，于是选中澳洲，自一七八七年起，英国在八十年间，送了十六万八千prisoners到澳洲，当时路上很苦，要走四个月。一七八八年初，prisoners在现在悉尼地方，建了settlement，悉尼就是Sydney，Sydney是当时英国内政大臣的名字，大概是为了拍马屁，才这么叫的。
悉尼人口不过二○○万，世界最大的船也可以开到港里去，是世界上最好的港口之一，也是澳洲最老资格的城市。
丹麦建筑师Utzon设计了Sydney Opera House，后面就是Harbour Bridge，这座桥重五万吨。
澳洲是脱离英国而独立的国家，所以受英国影响很重，连国旗里面都有英国旗。马路上走，也靠左走，英国就是靠左的（最早宣布澳洲是英国的人是科克船长Captain James Cook，他是发现Hawaii的探险家。五十一岁的时候，在Hawaii被土人杀了。）（Captain James Cook landed at Botany Bay； south of Sydney； in 1770。 He claimed Australia's entire east coast for Great Britain。）
首都堪培拉（Canberra），有一千五百万以上的树，它的议会大厦（Parliament House），尤