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generation; the needs of the world were different。  It had no time 

for butterflies and fossils。  While Buonaparte was hovering on the 

Boulogne coast; the pursuits and the education which were needed 

were such as would raise up men to fight him; so the coarse; 

fierce; hard…handed training of our grandfathers came when it was 

wanted; and did the work which was required of it; else we had not 

been here now。  Let us be thankful that we have had leisure for 

science; and show now in war that our science has at least not 

unmanned us。



Moreover; Natural History; if not fifty years ago; certainly a 

hundred years ago; was hardly worthy of men of practical common 

sense。  After; indeed; Linne; by his invention of generic and 

specific names; had made classification possible; and by his own 

enormous labours had shown how much could be done when once a 

method was established; the science has grown rapidly enough。  But 

before him little or nothing had been put into form definite enough 

to allure those who (as the many always will) prefer to profit by 

others' discoveries; than to discover for themselves; and Natural 

History was attractive only to a few earnest seekers; who found too 

much trouble in disencumbering their own minds of the dreams of 

bygone generations (whether facts; like cockatrices; basilisks; and 

krakens; the breeding of bees out of a dead ox; and of geese from 

barnacles; or theories; like those of elements; the VIS PLASTRIX in 

Nature; animal spirits; and the other musty heirlooms of 

Aristotleism and Neo…platonism); to try to make a science popular; 

which as yet was not even a science at all。  Honour to them; 

nevertheless。  Honour to Ray and his illustrious contemporaries in 

Holland and France。  Honour to Seba and Aldrovandus; to Pomet; with 

his 〃Historie of Drugges;〃 even to the ingenious Don Saltero; and 

his tavern…museum in Cheyne Walk。  Where all was chaos; every man 

was useful who could contribute a single spot of organized standing 

ground in the shape of a fact or a specimen。  But it is a question 

whether Natural History would have ever attained its present 

honours; had not Geology arisen; to connect every other branch of 

Natural History with problems as vast and awful as they are 

captivating to the imagination。  Nay; the very opposition with 

which Geology met was of as great benefit to the sister sciences as 

to itself。  For; when questions belonging to the most sacred 

hereditary beliefs of Christendom were supposed to be affected by 

the verification of a fossil shell; or the proving that the 

Maestricht 〃homo diluvii testis〃 was; after all; a monstrous eft; 

it became necessary to work upon Conchology; Botany; and 

Comparative Anatomy; with a care and a reverence; a caution and a 

severe induction; which had been never before applied to them; and 

thus gradually; in the last half…century; the whole choir of 

cosmical sciences have acquired a soundness; severity; and fulness; 

which render them; as mere intellectual exercises; as valuable to a 

manly mind as Mathematics and Metaphysics。



But how very lately have they attained that firm and honourable 

standing ground!  It is a question whether; even twenty years ago; 

Geology; as it then stood; was worth troubling one's head about; so 

little had been really proved。  And heavy and uphill was the work; 

even within the last fifteen years; of those who stedfastly set 

themselves to the task of proving and of asserting at all risks; 

that the Maker of the coal seam and the diluvial cave could not be 

a 〃Deus quidam deceptor;〃 and that the facts which the rock and the 

silt revealed were sacred; not to be warped or trifled with for the 

sake of any cowardly and hasty notion that they contradicted His 

other messages。  When a few more years are past; Buckland and 

Sedgwick; Murchison and Lyell; Delab坈he and Phillips; Forbes and 

Jamieson; and the group of brave men who accompanied and followed 

them; will be looked back to as moral benefactors of their race; 

and almost as martyrs; also; when it is remembered how much 

misunderstanding; obloquy; and plausible folly they had to endure 

from well…meaning fanatics like Fairholme or Granville Penn; and 

the respectable mob at their heels who tried (as is the fashion in 

such cases) to make a hollow compromise between fact and the Bible; 

by twisting facts just enough to make them fit the fancied meaning 

of the Bible; and the Bible just enough to make it fit the fancied 

meaning of the facts。  But there were a few who would have no 

compromise; who laboured on with a noble recklessness; determined 

to speak the thing which they had seen; and neither more nor less; 

sure that God could take better care than they of His own 

everlasting truth。  And now they have conquered:  the facts which 

were twenty years ago denounced as contrary to Revelation; are at 

last accepted not merely as consonant with; but as corroborative 

thereof; and sound practical geologists … like Hugh Miller; in his 

〃Footprints of the Creator;〃 and Professor Sedgwick; in the 

invaluable notes to his 〃Discourse on the Studies of Cambridge〃 … 

have wielded in defence of Christianity the very science which was 

faithlessly and cowardly expected to subvert it。



But if you seek; reader; rather for pleasure than for wisdom; you 

can find it in such studies; pure and undefiled。



Happy; truly; is the naturalist。  He has no time for melancholy 

dreams。  The earth becomes to him transparent; everywhere he sees 

significancies; harmonies; laws; chains of cause and effect 

endlessly interlinked; which draw him out of the narrow sphere of 

self…interest and self…pleasing; into a pure and wholesome region 

of solemn joy and wonder。  He goes up some Snowdon valley; to him 

it is a solemn spot (though unnoticed by his companions); where the 

stag's…horn clubmoss ceases to straggle across the turf; and the 

tufted alpine clubmoss takes its place:  for he is now in a new 

world; a region whose climate is eternally influenced by some fresh 

law (after which he vainly guesses with a sigh at his own 

ignorance); which renders life impossible to one species; possible 

to another。  And it is a still more solemn thought to him; that it 

was not always so; that aeons and ages back; that rock which he 

passed a thousand feet below was fringed; not as now with fern and 

blue bugle; and white bramble…flowers; but perhaps with the alp…

rose and the 〃gemsen…kraut〃 of Mont Blanc; at least with Alpine 

Saxifrages which have now retreated a thousand feet up the mountain 

side; and with the blue Snow…Gentian; and the Canadian Sedum; which 

have all but vanished out of the British Isles。  And what is it 

which tells him that strange story?  Yon smooth and rounded surface 

of rock; polished; remark; across the strata and against the grain; 

and furrowed here and there; as if by iron talons; with long 

parallel scratches。  It was the crawling of a glacier which 

polished that rock…face; the stones fallen from Snowdon peak into 

the half…liquid lake of ice above; which ploughed those furrows。  

AEons and aeons ago; before the time when Adam first





〃Embraced his Eve in happy hour;

And every bird in Eden burst

In carol; every bud in flower;〃





those marks were there; the records of the 〃Age of ice;〃 slight; 

truly; to be effaced by the next farmer who needs to build a wall; 

but unmistakeable; boundless in significance; like Crusoe's one 

savage footprint on the sea…shore; and the naturalist acknowledges 

the finger…mark of God; and wonders; and worships。



Happy; especially; is the sportsman who is also a naturalist:  for 

as he roves in pursuit of his game; over hills or up the beds of 

streams where no one but a sportsman ever thinks of going; he will 

be certain to see things noteworthy; which the mere naturalist 

would never find; simply because he could never guess that they 

were there to be found。  I do not speak merely of the rare birds 

which may be shot; the curious facts as to the habits of fish which 

may be observed; great as these pleasures are。  I speak of the 

scenery; the weather; the geological formation of the country; its 

vegetation; and the living habits of its denizens。  A sportsman; 

out in all weathers; and often dependent for success on his 

knowledge of 〃what the sky is going to do;〃 has opportunities for 

becoming a meteorologist which no one beside but a sailor 

possesses; and one has often longed for a scientific gamekeeper or 

huntsman; who; by discovering a law for the mysterious and 

seemingly capricious phenomena of 〃scent;〃 might perhaps throw 

light on a hundred dark passages of hygrometry。  The fisherman; 

too; … what an inexhaustible treasury of wonder lies at his feet; 

in the subaqueous world of the commonest mountain burn!  All the 

laws which mould a world are there busy; if he but knew it; 

fattening his trout for him; and making them rise to the fly; by 

strange electric influences; at one hour rather than at another。  

Many a good geognostic lesson; too; both as to the nature of a 

country's rocks; and as to the laws by which strata are deposited; 

may an observing man learn as he wades up the bed of a trout…

stream; not to mention the strange forms and habits of the tribes 

of water…insects。  Moreover; no good fisherman but knows; to his 

sorrow; that there are plenty of minutes; ay; hours; in each day's 

fishing in which he would be right glad of any employment better 

than trying to





〃Call spirits from the vasty deep;〃





who will not





〃Come when you do call for them。〃





What to do; then?  You are sitting; perhaps; in your coracle; upon 

some mountain tarn; waiting for a wind; and waiting in vain。





〃Keine luft an keine seite;

Todes…stille f乺chterlich;〃





as G攖he has it …





〃Und der schiffer sieht 
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