to deeds of heroism。 〃Return either with your shield； or upon it；〃 was their exhortation to their sons when going to battle。
Lycurgus is said to have divided the land belonging to the Spartans into 9000 equal lots and the remainder of Laconia into 30；000 equal lots； and to have assigned to each Spartan citizen one of the former of these lots； and to each Perioecus one of the latter。
Neither gold nor silver money was allowed in Sparta； and nothing but bars of iron passed in exchange for every commodity。 As the Spartans were not permitted to engage in commerce； and all luxury and display in dress； furniture； and food was forbidden； they had very little occasion for a circulating medium； and iron money was found sufficient for their few wants。 But this prohibition of the precious metals only made the Spartans more anxious to obtain them； and even in the times of their greatest glory the Spartans were the most venal of the Greeks； and could rarely resist the temptation of a bribe。
The legislation of Lycurgus was followed by important results。 It made the Spartans a body of professional soldiers； all trained and well disciplined； at a time when military training and discipline were little known； and almost unpractised in the other states of Greece。 The consequence was the rapid growth of the political power of Sparta； and the subjugation of the neighbouring states。 At the time of Lycurgus the Spartans held only a small portion of Laconia： they were merely a garrison in the heart of an enemy's country。 Their first object was to make themselves masters of Laconia； in which they finally succeeded after a severe struggle。 They next turned their arms against the Messenians； Arcadians； and Argives。 Of these wars the two waged against Messenia were the most celebrated and the most important。 They were both long protracted and obstinately contested。 They both ended in the victory of Sparta； and in the subjugation of Messenia。 These facts are beyond dispute； but of the details we have no trustworthy narrative。
The FIRST MESSENIAN WAR lasted from B。C。 743 to 724。 During the first four years the Lacedaemonians made little progress； but in the fifth a great battle was fought； and although its result was indecisive； the Messenians did not venture to risk another engagement； and retired to the strongly fortified mountain of Ithome。 In their distress they sent to consult the oracle at Delphi； and received the appalling answer that the salvation of Messenia required the sacrifice of a virgin of the royal house to the gods of the lower world。 Aristodemus； who is the Messenian hero of the first war； slew his own daughter； which so disheartened the Spartans； that they abstained from attacking the Messenians for some years。 In the thirteenth year of the war the Spartan king marched against Ithome； and a second great battle was fought； but the result was again indecisive。 The Messenian king fell in the action； and Aristodemus； who was chosen king in his place； prosecuted the war with vigour。 In the fifth year of his reign a third great battle was fought。 This time the Messenians gained a decisive victory； and the Lacedaemonians were driven back into their own territory。 They now sent to ask advice of the Delphian oracle； and were promised success upon using stratagem。 They therefore had recourse to fraud： and at the same time various prodigies dismayed the bold spirit of Aristodemus。 His daughter too appeared to him in a dream； showed him her wounds； and beckoned him away。 Seeing that his country was doomed to destruction； Aristodemus slew himself on his daughter's tomb。 Shortly afterwards； in the twentieth year of the war； the Messenians abandoned Ithome； which the Lacedaemonians razed to the ground； and the whole country became subject to Sparta。 Many of the inhabitants fled into other countries； but those who remained were reduced to the condition of Helots； and were compelled to pay to their masters half of the produce of their lands。
For thirty…nine years the Messenians endured this degrading yoke。 At the end of this time they took up arms against their oppressors。 The SECOND MESSENIAN WAR lasted from B。C。 685 to 668。 Its hero is Aristomenes； whose wonderful exploits form the great subject of this war。 It would appear that most of the states in Peloponnesus took part in the struggle。 The first battle was fought before the arrival of the allies on either side； and； though it was indecisive； the valour of Aristomenes struck fear into the hearts of the Spartans。 To frighten the enemy still more； the hero crossed the frontier； entered Sparta by night； and affixed a shield to the temple of Athena （Minerva）； with the inscription； 〃Dedicated by Aristomenes to the goddess from the Spartan spoils。〃 The Spartans in alarm sent to Delphi for advice。 The god bade them apply to Athens for a leader。 Fearing to disobey the oracle； but with the view of rendering no real assistance； the Athenians sent Tyrtaeus； a lame man and a schoolmaster。 The Spartans received their new leader with due honour； and he was not long in justifying the credit of the oracle。 His martial songs roused their fainting courage； and so efficacious were his poems that to them is mainly ascribed the final success of the Spartan arms。
Encouraged by the strains of Tyrtaeus； the Spartans again marched against the Messenians。 But they were not at first successful。 A great battle was fought at the Boar's Grave in the plain of Stenyclerus； in which they were defeated with great loss。 In the third year of the war another great battle was fought； in which the Messenians suffered a signal defeat。 So greet was their loss； that Aristomenes no longer ventured to meet the Spartans in the open field。 Following the example of the Messenian leaders in the former war； he retired to the mountain fortress of Ira。 The Spartans encamped at the foot of the mountain； but Aristomenes frequently sallied from the fortress； and ravaged the lands of Laconia with fire and sword。 It is unnecessary to relate all the wonderful exploits of this hero in his various incursions。 Thrice was he taken prisoner； on two occasions he burst his bonds； but on the third he was carried to Sparta； and thrown with his fifty companions into a deep pit； called Ceadas。 His comrades were all killed by the fall； but Aristomenes reached the bottom unhurt。 He saw； however； no means of escape； and had resigned himself to death； but on the third day perceiving a fox creeping among the bodies； he grasped its tail； and； following the animal as it struggled to escape； discovered an opening in the rock； and on the next day was at Ira to the surprise alike of friends and foes。 But his single prowess was not sufficient to avert the ruin of his country。 One night the Spartans surprised Ira； while Aristomenes was disabled by a wound； but he collected the bravest of his followers； and forced his way through the enemy。 Many of the Messenians went to Rhegium； in Italy； under the sons of Aristomenes； but the hero himself finished his days in Rhodes。
The second Messenian war was terminated by the complete subjugation of the Messenians； who again became the serfs of their conquerors。 In this condition they remained till the restoration of their independence by Epaminondas in the year 369 B。C。 During the whole of the intervening period the Messenians disappear from history。 The country called Messenia in the map became a portion of Laconia； which thus extended across the south of Pelponnesus from the eastern to the western sea。
CHAPTER V。
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ATHENS； DOWN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY BY CLISTHENES； B。C。 510。
Sparta was the only state in Greece which continued to retain the kingly form of government during the brilliant period of Grecian history。 In all other parts of Greece royalty had been abolished at as early age； and various forms of republican government established in its stead。 The abolition of royalty was first followed by an Oligarchy or the government of the Few。 Democracy； or the government of the Many； was of later growth。 It was not from the people that the oligarchies received their first and greatest blow。 They were generally overthrown by the usurpers； to whom the Greeks gave the name of TYRANTS。 ＇The Greek word Tyrant does not correspond in meaning to the same word in the English language。 It signifies simply an irresponsible ruler； and may； therefore； be more correctly rendered by the term Despot。＇
The rise of the Tyrants seems to have taken place about the same time in a large number of the Greek cities。 In most cases they belonged to the nobles； and they generally became masters of the state by espousing the cause of the commonalty； and using the strength of the people to put down the oligarchy by force。 At first they were popular with the general body of the citizens； who were glad to see the humiliation of their former masters。 But discontent soon began to arise； the tyrant had recourse to violence to quell disaffection； and the government became in reality a tyranny in the modern sense of the word。
Many of the tyrants in Greece were put down by the Lacedaemonians。 The Spartan government was essentially an oligarchy； and the Spartans were always ready to lend their powerful aid in favour of the government of the Few。 Hence they took an active part in the overthrow of the despots； with the intention of establishing the ancient oligarchy in their place。 But this rarely happened； and they found it impossible in most cases to reinstate the former body of nobles in their ancient privileges。 The latter； it is true； attempted to regain them and were supported in their attempts by Sparta。 Hence arose a new struggle。 The first contest after the abolition of royalty was between oligarchy and the despot； the next was between oligarchy and democracy。
The history of Athens affords the most striking illustration of the different revolutions of which we have been speaking。
Little is known of Athens before the age of Solon。 Its legendary tales are few； its historical facts still fewer。 Cecrops； the first ruler of Attica； is said to have divided the country into twelve districts； which are represented as independent communities； each governed by a