e death of his grandson； on which Marcus writes：（3） 'I have just heard of your misfortune。 Feeling grieved as I do when one of your joints gives you pain； what do you think I feel； dear master； when you have pain of mind？' The old man's reply； in spite of a certain self…consciousness； is full of pathos。 He recounts with pride the events of a long and upright life； in which he has wronged no man； and lived in harmony with his friends and family。 His affectations fall away from him； as the cry of pain is forced from his heart：… （4）'Many such sorrows has fortune visited me with all my life long。 To pass by my other afflictions； I have lost five children under the most pitiful conditions possible： for the five I lost one by one when each was my only child； suffering these blows of bereavement in such a manner that each child was born to one already bereaved。 Thus I ever lost my children without solace； and got them amidst fresh grief。。。。。'
The letter continues with reflections on the nature of death； 'more to be rejoiced at than bewailed； the younger one dies；' and an arraignment of Providence not without dignity； wrung from him as it were by this last culminating misfortune。 It concludes with a summing…up of his life in protest against the blow which has fallen on his grey head。
1 Ad M。 Caes。； v。 19
2 iv。 11
3 De Nepote Amissa
4 De Nepote Amissa 2
'Through my long life I have committed nothing which might bring dishonour； or disgrace； or shame： no deed of avarice or treachery have I done in all my day's： nay； but much generosity； much kindness； much truth and faithfulness have I shown； often at the risk of my own life。 I have lived in amity with my good brother； whom I rejoice to see in possession of the highest office by your father's goodness； and by your friendship at peace and perfect rest。 Th~ offices which I have myself obtained I never strove for by any underhand means。 I have cultivated my mind rather than my body； the pursuit of learning I have preferred to increasing my wealth。 I preferred to he poor rather than bound by any' man's obligation； even to want rather than to beg。 I have never been extravagant in spending money； I have earned it sometimes because I must。 I have scrupulously spoken the truth； and have been glad to hear it spoken to me。 I have thought it better to be neglected than to fawn； to be dumb than to feign； to be seldom a friend than to be often a flatterer。 1 have sought little； deserved not little。 So far as I could； I have assisted each according to my means。 I have given help readily to the deserving； fearlessly to the undeserving。 No one by proving to be ungrateful has made me more slow to bestow promptly all benefits I could give； nor have I ever been harsh to ingratitude。 （A fragmentary passage follows； in which he appears to speak of his desire for a peaceful end； and the desolation of his house。） I have suffered long and painful sickness； my beloved Marcus。 Then I was visited by pitiful misfortunes： my wife I have lost； my grandson I have lost in Germany：（1） woe is me！ I have lost my Decimanus。 If I were made of iron； at this tine I could write no more。' It is noteworthy that in his meditations Marcus Aurelius mentions Fronto only once。（2） All his literary studies； his oratory and criticism （such as it was） is forgotten； and； says he； 'Fronto taught me not to expect natural affection from the highly…born。' Fronto really said more than this： that 'affection' is not a Roman quality； nor has it a Latin name。（3） Roman or not Roman； Marcus found affection in Fronto； and if he outgrew his master's intellectual training； he never lost touch with the true heart of the man it is that which Fronto's name brings up to his remembrance； not dissertations on compound verbs or fatuous criticisms of style。 1 In the war against the Catti。
2 Book I。； 8。
3 Ad Verum； ii。 7
NOTES
THIS being neither a critical edition of the text nor an emended edition of Casaubon's translation； it has not been thought necessary to add full notes。 Casaubon's own notes have been omitted； because for the most part they are discursive； and not necessary to an understanding of what is written。 In those which here follow； certain emendations of his are mentioned； which he proposes in his notes； and follows in the translation。 In addition； one or two corrections are made where he has mistaken the Greek； and the translation might be misleading。 Those which do not come under these two heads will explain themselves。
The text itself has been prepared by a comparison of the editions of 1634 and 1635。 It should he borne in mind that Casaubon's is often rather a paraphrase than a close translation； and it did not seem worth while to notice every variation or amplification of the original。 In the original editions all that Casauhon conceives as understood； but not expressed； is enclosed in square brackets。 These brackets are here omitted； as they interfere with the comfort of the reader； and so have some of the alternative renderings suggested by the translator。 In a few cases； Latin words in the text have been replaced by English。
Numbers in brackets refer to the Teubner text of Stich； but the divisions of the text are left unaltered。 For some of the references identified I am indebted to Mr。 G。 H。 Rendall's Marcus Aurelius。
BOOK I I 〃Both to frequent〃 （4）。 Gr。 to mh； C。 conjectures to me。 The text is probably right： 〃I did not frequent public lectures； and I was taught at home。〃
VI Idiots。 。 。 。 philosophers （9）。 The reading is doubtful； but the meaning seems to be： 〃simple and unlearned men〃
XII 〃Claudius Maximus〃 （15）。 The reading of the Palatine MS。 （now lost） was paraklhsiz Maximon； which C。 supposes to conceal the letters kl as an abbreviation of Claudius。
XIII 〃Patient hearing。 。 。 He would not〃 （16）。 C。 translates his conjectural reading epimonon ollan。 on proapsth Stich suggests a reading with much the same sense： 。。。。。epimonon all antoi 〃Strict and rigid dealing〃 （16）。 C。 translates tonvn （Pal。 MS。） as though from tonoz； in the sense of 〃strain。〃 〃rigour。〃 The reading of other MSS。 tonvn is preferable。
XIII 〃Congiaries〃 （13）。 dianomais； 〃doles。〃
XIV 〃Cajeta〃 （17）。 The passage is certainly corrupt。 C。 spies a reference to Chryses praying by the sea…shore in the Illiad； and supposes M。 Aurelius to have done the like。 None of the emendations suggested is satisfactory。 At § XV。 Book II。 is usually reckoned to begin。 BOOK II III。 Do； soul〃 （6）。 If the received reading be right； it must be sarcastic； but there are several variants which show how unsatisfactory it is。 C。 translates 〃en gar o bioz ekasty so par eanty 〃 which I do not understand。 The sense required is： 〃Do not violence to thyself； for thou hast not long to use self…respect。 Life is not （v。 1。 so） for each； and this life for thee is all but done。〃
X。 〃honour and credit do proceed〃 （12）。 The verb has dropt out of the text； but C。 has supplied one of the required meaning。
XI。 〃Consider；〃 etc。 （52）。 This verb is not in the Greek； which means： 〃（And reason also shows） how man； etc。〃
BOOK IV XV。 〃Agathos〃 （18）： This is probably not a proper name； but the text seems to be unsound。 The meaning may be 〃the good man ought〃
XVI。 oikonomian （16） is a 〃practical benefit；〃 a secondary end。 XXXIX。 〃For herein lieth all。。。。〃 （~3）。 C。 translates his conjecture olan for ola。
BOOK V XIV。 katorqwseiz （15）： Acts of 〃rightness〃 or 〃straightness。〃 XXIII。 〃Roarer〃 （28）： Gr。 〃tragedian。〃 Ed。 1 has whoremonger；' ed。 2 corrects to 〃harlot；〃 but omits to alter' the word at its second occurrence。
XXV。 〃Thou hast 。 。 。 them〃 （33）： A quotation from Homer； Odyssey； iv。 690。
XXVII。 〃 One of the poets〃 （33） ： Hesiod； Op。 et Dies； 197。 XXIX and XXX。 （36）。 The Greek appears to contain quotations from sources not known； and the translation is a paraphrase。 （One or two alterations are here made on the authority of the second edition。） BOOK VI XIII。 〃Affected and qualified〃 （i4）： exis； the power of cohesion shown in things inanimate； fusiz； power of growth seen in plants and the like。
XVII。 〃Wonder at them〃 （18） ： i。e。 mankind。
XXXVII。 〃Chrysippus〃 （42）： C。 refers to a passage of Plutarch De Communibus Notitiis （c。 xiv。）； where Chrysippus is represented as saying that a coarse phrase may be vile in itself； yet have due place in a comedy as contributing to a certain effect。
XL。 〃Man or men 。 。 。〃 There is no hiatus in the Greek； which means： 〃Whatever （is beneficial） for a man is so for other men also。〃
XLII。 There is no hiatus in the Greek。
BOOK VII IX。 C。 translates his conjecture mh for h。 The Greek means 〃 straight； or rectified；〃 with a play on the literal and metaphorical meaning of ortoz。
XIV。 endaimonia。 contains the word daimwn in composition。 XXII。The text is corrupt； but the words 〃or if it be but few 〃 should be 〃that is little enough。〃
XXIII。 〃Plato〃： Republic； vi。 p。 486 A。
XXV。 〃It will；〃 etc。 Euripides； Belerophon； frag。 287 （Nauck）。
〃Lives；〃 etc。 Euripides； Hypsipyle； frag。 757 （Nauck）。 〃As long；〃 etc。 Aristophanes； Acharne； 66 i。
〃Plato〃 Apology； p。 28 B。
〃For thus〃 Apology； p。 28 F。
XXVI。 〃But； 0 noble sir；〃 etc。 Plato； Gorgias； 512 D。 XXVII。 〃And as for those parts；〃 etc。 A quotation from Euripides； Chryssipus； frag。 839 （Nauck）。
〃With meats；〃 etc。 From Euripides； Supplices； 1110。 XXXIII。 〃They both；〃 i。e。 life and wrestling。
〃Says he〃 （63）： Plato； quoted by Epictetus； Arr。 i。 28； 2 and 22。
XXXVII。 〃How know we；〃 etc。 The Greek means： 〃how know we whether Telauges were not nobler in character than Sophocles？〃 The allusion is unknown。
XXVII。 〃Frost〃 The word is written by Casaubon as a proper name； 〃 Pagus。'
〃The hardihood of Socrates was famous〃； see Plato； Siymposium； p。 220。
BOOK X XXII。 The Greek means； 〃paltry breath bearing up corpses； so that the tale of Dead Man's Land is clearer。〃
XXII。 〃The poet〃 （21） ： Euripides； frag。 898 （Nauck）； compare Aeschylus； Danaides； frag。 44。
XXIV。 〃Plato〃 （23）： Theaetetus； p。 174 D。
XXXIV。 〃The poet〃 （34）： Homer； Iliad； vi。 147。
XXXIV。 〃Wood〃： A translation of ulh； 〃matter。〃
XXXVIII。 〃Rhetoric〃 （38）： Rather 〃the gift of speech〃； or perha