the moravians in georgia- 第6部分

Others　objected　to　having　the　Moravians　go　at　all；　especially　Court　Preacher　Ziegenhagen；　who　belonged　to　the　Halle　party；　and　who；　Spangenberg　found；　had　much　influence　on　account　of　his　good　judgment　and　spotless　character。　　They　claimed：　　（1）　That　the　Moravians　were　not　oppressed　in　Saxony；　and　had　no　good　reason　for　wishing　to　leave；　（2）　that　to　say　they　wished　to　be　near　the　heathen　was　only　an　excuse；　for　Georgia　had　nothing　to　do　with　the　West　Indies　where　they　had　a　mission；　（3）　the　Moravians　could　not　bear　the　expense；　and　neither　the　Trustees　nor　the　Society　for　the　Propagation　of　Christian　Knowledge　would　help　them；　（4）　they　could　neither　speak　nor　understand　English；　and　would　therefore　be　unable　to　support　themselves　in　an　English　colony；　（5）　their　going　would　create　confusion；　for　Herr　Bolzius；　the　pastor　of　the　Salzburgers　at　Ebenezer；　had　written　to　beg　that　they　should　not　be　allowed　to　come；　（6）　if　they　went　it　would　involve　England　in　trouble　with　Saxony；　and　the　Georgia　Colony　was　not　meant　to　take　other　rulers'　subjects　away　from　them；　only　to　furnish　an　asylum　for　exiles；　and　poor　Englishmen；　（7）　the　Moravians　could　not　remain　subject　to　Zinzendorf；　for　they　must　all　become　naturalized　Englishmen；　（8）　the　suggestion　that　Zinzendorf's　land　could　be　cultivated　by　the　heathen　was　absurd；　for　slavery　was　not　permitted　in　Georgia　and　the　Moravians　could　not　afford　to　hire　them；　（9）　ten　or　fifteen　men；　as　were　said　to　be　on　the　way；　would　never　be　able　to　make　headway　in　settling　the　forest；　a　task　which　had　been　almost　too　much　for　the　large　company　of　Salzburgers。

Some　of　these　statements　dealt　with　facts；　about　which　the　critics　might　have　acquired　better　information；　had　they　so　desired；　others　were　prophecies　of　which　only　the　years　to　come　could　prove　or　disprove　the　truth；　others　again　touched　difficulties　which　were　even　then　confronting　Count　Zinzendorf's　agent；　but　in　the　light　of　contemporary　writings　and　later　developments；　it　is　possible　to　glance　at　each　point　and　see　in　how　far　the　Halle　party　were　justified　in　their　argument。　　（1）　The　treatment　in　Saxony；　while　not　as　yet　a　persecution　which　threatened　them　with　torture　and　death；　had　many　unpleasant　features；　and　the　constant　agitation　against　them　might　at　any　time　crystalize　into　harsh　measures；　for　those　members　of　the　Herrnhut　community　who　had　left　friends　and　relatives　in　the　homelands　of　Bohemia　and　Moravia　were　already　forbidden　to　invite　them　to　follow；　or　even　to　receive　them　if　they　came　unasked　seeking　religious　freedom。　（2）　There　was　no　idea　of　associating　the　missions　in　Georgia　and　the　West　Indies；　for　the　heathen　whom　they　wished　to　reach　by　this　new　settlement　were　the　Creek　and　Cherokee　Indians　with　whom　Governor　Oglethorpe　had　already　established　pleasant　relations；　bringing　several　of　their　chiefs　to　England；　and　sending　them　home　filled　with　admiration　for　all　they　had　seen；　much　impressed　by　the　kindness　shown　them；　and　willing　to　meet　any　efforts　that　might　be　made　to　teach　them。　（3）　The　money　question　was　a　vital　one；　and　it　was　principally　to　solve　that　that　Spangenberg　had　come　to　England；　where　with　Oglethorpe's　help　he　later　succeeded　in　securing　the　desired　loan。　　（4）　That　they　could　speak　little　English　was　also　a　real　difficulty；　Spangenberg　used　Latin　in　his　conferences　with　the　educated　men　he　met　in　London；　but　that　medium　was　useless　in　Georgia；　and　while　the　Moravians　learned　English　as　rapidly　as　they　could；　and　proved　their　capability　for　self…support；　the　failure　to　fully　understand　or　be　understood　by　their　neighbors　was　responsible　for　many　of　the　trials　that　were　awaiting　them　in　the　New　World。　　（5）　The　protest　of　Bolzius　was　only　a　part　of　the　general　Salzburger　opposition；　and　to　avoid　friction　in　Georgia；　Zinzendorf　had　particularly　recommended　that　the　Moravians　settle　in　a　village　apart　by　themselves；　where　they　could　〃lead　godly　lives；　patterned　after　the　writings　and　customs　of　the　apostles；〃　without　giving　offense　to　any；　and　he　promised；　for　the　same　reason；　that　as　soon　as　they　were　established　he　would　send　them　a　regularly　ordained　minister；　although　laymen　were　doing　missionary　work　in　other　fields。　　（6）　In　order　to　avoid　any　danger　of　creating　trouble　between　the　Governments；　the　Moravian　colonists　carefully　said　nothing　in　London　regarding　their　difficulties　in　Saxony；　or　the　persecutions　in　Bohemia　and　Moravia；　and　instead　of　proclaiming　themselves　exiles　for　the　Faith　as　they　might　have　done　with　perfect　truth；　they　appeared　simply　as　Count　Zinzendorf's　servants；　sent　by　him　to　cultivate　the　five　hundred　acres　about　to　be　given　to　him；　and　by　his　orders　to　preach　to　the　Indians。　　（7）　A　change　of　nationality　would　not　affect　the　relation　between　Zinzendorf　and　his　colonists；　for　their　position　as　his　dependents　in　Germany　was　purely　voluntary；　such　service　as　they　rendered　was　freely　given　in　exchange　for　his　legal　protection；　and　his　supremacy　in　Church　affairs　then　and　later　was　a　recognition　of　the　personal　character　of　the　man；　not　a　yielding　of　submission　to　the　Count。　　（8）　That　the　Indians　could　not　be　employed　on　Zinzendorf's　estate　was　quite　true；　not　so　much　on　account　of　the　law　against　slavery；　for　the　Count　intended　nothing　of　that　kind；　but　their　character　and　wild　habits　rendered　them　incapable　of　becoming　good　farmers；　as　the　American　Nation　has　learned　through　many　years　of　effort　and　failure。　　（9）　Whether　the　ten　or　fifteen　men；　reinforced　by　those　who　followed　them；　would　have　been　able　to　make　a　home　in　the　heart　of　the　forest；　will　never　be　known；　for　from　various　reasons　the　town　on　the　five　hundred　acre　tract　was　never　begun。　　In　short；　while　the　Moravians　were　risking　much　personal　discomfort；　there　was　nothing　in　their　plan　which　could　possibly　injure　others；　and　the　cavil　and　abuse　of　their　opposers　was　as　uncalled　for　as　is　many　a　〃private　opinion　publicly　expressed〃　to…day。

Hearing　of　the　many　obstacles　which　were　being　thrown　in　their　way；　Mr。　Coram；　who　was　a　man　of　wide　charities；　and　interested　in　other　colonies　besides　Georgia；　suggested　to　Spangenberg　that　his　company　should　go　to　Nova　Scotia；　where　the　climate　was　milder；　and　offered　them　free　transportation　and　aid　in　settling　there；　but　this　proposal　Spangenberg　at　once　rejected；　and　pinned　his　faith　on　the　kindness　of　Gen。　Oglethorpe；　whose　return　from　Georgia　the　preceding　July；　explained　the　more　favorable　tone　of　the　Trustees'　letters　after　that　date。　Oglethorpe　asked　him　numberless　questions　about　the　doctrine　and　practice　of　the　Moravians；　and　their　reasons　for　wishing　to　go　to　Georgia；　and　promised　to　lay　the　matter　before　the　Trustees；　using　all　his　influence　to　further　their　designs。


　　The　〃First　Company〃。

On　the　14th　of　January；　1735；　the　first　company　of　Moravian　colonists　arrived　in　London。　　At　their　head　was　David　Nitschmann；　　variously　called　〃the　III〃；　〃the　weaver〃；　〃the　Syndic〃；　and　Count　Zinzendorf's　〃Hausmeister〃；　who　was　to　stay　with　them　until　they　left　England；　and　then　return　to　Germany；　resigning　the　leadership　of　the　party　to　Spangenberg；　who　was　instructed　to　take　them　to　Georgia　and　establish　them　there；　and　then　go　to　Pennsylvania　to　the　Schwenkfelders。　　The　other　nine　were　　　　　　John　Toeltschig；　Zinzendorf's　flower…gardener。　　　Peter　Rose；　a　gamekeeper。　　　Gotthard　Demuth；　a　joiner。　　　Gottfried　Haberecht；　weaver　of　woolen　goods。　　　Anton　Seifert；　a　linen　weaver。　　　George　Waschke；　carpenter。　　　Michael　Haberland；　carpenter。　　　George　Haberland；　mason。　　　Friedrich　Riedel；　mason。

They　were　〃good　and　true　sons　of　God；　and　at　the　same　time　skillful　workmen；〃　with　such　a　variety　of　handicrafts　as　to　render　them　largely　independent　of　outside　assistance　in　the　settlement　which　they　proposed　to　make；　and　all　but　Haberecht　were　religious　refugees　from　Moravia　and　adjacent　parts　of　Bohemia。

Nitschmann　and　Toeltschig　were　two　of　the　five　young　men　in　Zauchenthal；　Moravia；　who　had　set　their　hearts　on　the　revival　of　the　ancient　Unitas　Fratrum。　　Toeltschig's　father；　the　village　burgess；　had　summoned　the　five　comrades　before　him；　and　strictly　forbidden　their　holding　religious　services；　warning　them　that　any　attempt　at　emigration　would　be　severely　punished；　and　advising　them　to　act　as　became　their　youth；　frequent　the　taverns　and　take　part　in　dances　and　other　amusements。　They　were　sons　of　well…to…do　parents；　and　little　more　than　boys　in　years；　（Nitschmann　was　only　twenty）；　but　their　faith　and　purpose　were　dearer　to　them　than　anything　else　on　earth；　so　they　had　left　all　and　come　away；　commending　their　homes　and　kindred　to　the　mercy　of　God；　and　singing　the　exile　hymn　of　the　ancient　Unitas　Fratrum；　sacred　through　its　association　with　those　brave　hearts　who　had　known　the　bitterness　and　the　joy　of　exile　a　hundred　years　before。

　　〃Blessed　the　day　when　I　must　go　　　My　fatherland　no　more　to　know；　　　　My　lot　the　exile's　loneliness；

　　〃For　God　will　my　protector　be；　　　And　angels　ministrant　for　me　　　　The　path　with　joys　divine　will　bless。

　　〃And　God　to　some　small　place　will　guide　　　Where　I　may　well　content　abide　　　　And　where　this　soul　of　mine　may　rest。

　　〃As　thirsty　harts　for　water　burn；　　　For　Thee；　my　Lord　and　God；　I　yearn；　　　　If　Thou　are　mine　my　life　is　blest。〃

Though　holding　positions　as　Count　Zinzendorf's　hausmeister　and　gardener；　both　Nitschmann　and　Toeltschig　were　actively　employed　in　the　affairs　of　the　renewed　Unitas　Fratrum；　and　had　been　to　England　in　1728　to　try　to　establish　relations　with　the　Society　for　the　Propagation　of　Christian　Knowledge；　though　without　success。　　They　were　the　better　fitted；　therefore；　to　conduct　the　party　to　England；　and　to　share　in　the　negotiations　already　begun　by　Spangenberg。

This　〃first　company〃　left　Herrnhut　on　the　21st　of　November；　1734；　traveling　by　Ebersdorf　（where　Henry　XXIX；　Count　Reuss；　Countess　Zinzendorf's　brother；　gave　them　a　letter　of　recommendation　to　any　whom　they　might　meet　on　their　way）；　to　Holland；　whence　they　had　a　stormy　and　dangerous　voyage　to　England。

The　day　after　they　reached　London　they　called　on　Gen。　Oglethorpe　and　having　gained　admittance　with　some　difficulty　they　were　very　well　received　by　him；　carrying　on　a　conversation　in　a　mixture　of　English　and　German；　but　understanding　each　other　fairly　well。　　Spangenberg　coming　in　mos