《the origins of contemporary france-2》

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maybe been confirmed in his plan to create a new elite; an elite he

eventually began to make use of from 1917 and onwards; an elite

which continues to rule Russia and a great part of the world today。

(SR。)



'22' Mercure de France; June 4; 1790 (letter from Cahors; May 17;

and an Act of the Municipality; May 10; 1790)。



'23' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7;; 1223。  Letter of count Louis de

Beaumont; November 9; 1791。  His letter; in a very moderate tone;

thus end: 〃You must admit; sir; that it is very disagreeable and

even incredible; that the Municipal Officers should be the

originators of the disorders which occur in this town。〃



'24' Mercure de France; January 7; 1792。  M。 Granchier de Riom

petitions the Directory of his Department in relation to the

purchase of the cemetery; where his father had been interred four

years before; his object is to prevent it from being dug up; which

was decreed; and to preserve the family vault。  He at the same time

wishes to buy the church of Saint…Paul; in order to insure the

continuance of the masses in behalf of his father's soul。  The

Directory replies (December 5; 1791): 〃considering that the motives

which have determined the petitioner in his declaration are a

pretense of good feeling under which there is hidden an illusion

powerless to pervert a sound mind; the Directory decides that the

application of the sieur Granchier cannot be granted。〃



'25' De Ferrières; II。  268 (April 19; 1791)。



'26' De Montlosier; II。  307; 309; 312。



'27' Moniteur; VI。 556。 Letter of M d'Aymar; commodore; November 18;

1790。



'28' Mercure de France; May 28; and June 16; 1791 (letters from

Cahors and Castelnau; May 18)。



'29' Mercure de France; number of May 28; 1791。  At the festival of

the Federation; M。 de Massy would not order his cavalry to put their

chapeaux on the points of their swords; which was a difficult

maneuver。  He was accused of treason to the nation on account of

this; and obliged to leave Tulle for several months。   …  〃 Archives

Nationales;〃 F7; 3204。  Extract from the minutes of the tribunal of

Tulle; May 10; 1791。



'30' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3215; 〃Minutes of the meeting des

Officiers Municipaux de Brest;〃 June 23; 1791。



'31' 〃Mémoires de Cuvier〃 (〃Eloges Historiques;〃 by Flourens); I;

177。  Cuvier; who was then in Havre (1788); had pursued the higher

studies in a German administrative school。  〃M。 de Surville;〃 he

says; an officer in the Artuis regiment; has one of the must refined

minds and most amiable characters I ever encountered。  There were a

good many of this sort among his comrades; and I am always

astonished how such men could vegetate in the obscure ranks of an

infantry regiment。〃



'32' De Dampmartin; I。  133。  At the beginning of the year 1790;

〃inferior officers said: 'We ought to demand something; for we have

at least as many grievances as our troopers;' 〃  …  M。 de la

Rochejacquelein; after his great success in La Vendée; said: 〃I hope

that the King; when once he is restored; will give me a regiment。〃

He aspired to nothing more (〃Mémoires de Madame de la

Rochejacquelein〃)。  …  Cf。  〃Un Officier royaliste au Service de la

Republique;〃 by M。 de Bezancenet; in the letters and biography of

General de Dommartin killed in the expedition to Egypt。



'33' Correspondence of MM。 de Thiard; de Caraman; de Miran; de

Bercheny; etc。; above cited; passim。  … Correspondence of M。 de

Thiard; May 5; 1780: 〃The town of Vannes has an authoritative style

which begins to displease me。  It wants the King to furnish drum…

sticks。  The first log of wood would provide these; with greater

ease and promptness。〃



'34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3248; March 16; 1791。  At Douai;

Nicolon; a grain…dealer; is hung because the municipal authorities

did not care to proclaim martial law。  The commandant; M。 de la

Noue; had not the right of ordering his men to move; and the murder

took place before his eyes。



'35' The last named; especially; died with heroic meekness (Mercure

de France; June 18; 1791)。  …  Sitting of June 9; speeches by two

officers of the regiment of Port…au…Prince; one of them an eye…

witness。



'36' 〃De Dampmartin;〃 II。  214。  Desertion is very great; even in

ordinary times; supplying foreign armies with 〃a fourth of their

effective men。〃  …  Towards the end of 1789; Dubois de Crancé; an

old musketeer and one of the future 〃men of the mountain;〃 stated to

the National Assembly that the old system of recruiting supplied the

army with 〃men without home or occupation; who often became soldiers

to avoid civil penalties〃 (Moniteur; II。  376; 381; sitting of

December 12; 1789)。



'37' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 KK; 1105; Correspondence of M。 de

Thiard; September 4 and 7; 1789; November 20; 1789; April 28; and

May 29; 1790。  〃The spirit of insubordination which begins to show

itself in the Bassigny regiment is an epidemic disease which is

insensibly spreading among all the troops。  。  。  。  The troops are

all in a state of gangrene; while all the municipalities oppose the

orders they receive concerning the movements of troops。〃



'38' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 H;1453。  Correspondence of M。 de

Bercheny; July 12; 1790。



'39' 〃Mémoire Justificatif〃 (by Grégoire); on behalf of two

soldiers; Emery and Delisle。   …  De Bouillé; 〃Mémoires。〃  …  De

Dampmartin; I。128; 144。  …  〃Archives Nationales;〃 KK; 1105;

Correspondence of M。 de Thiard; July 2 and 9; 1790。   …  Moniteur;

sittings of September 3 and June 4; 1790。



'40' De Bouillé; p。  127。  … Moniteur; sitting of August 6; 1790;

and that of May 27; 1790。   …  Full details in authentic documents

of the affair at Nancy; passim。  …  Report of M。 Emmery; August 16;

1790; and other documents in Buchez and Roux; VII。  59…162。   …  De

Bezancenet; p。35。  Letters of M。 de Dommartin (Metz; August 4;

1790)。  〃The Federation there passed off quietly; only; a short time

after; some soldiers of a regiment took it into their heads to

divide the (military) fund; and at once placed sentinels at the door

of the officer having charge of the chest; compelling him to open it

(désacquer)。  Another regiment has since put all its officers under

arrest。  A third has mutinied; and wanted to take all its horses to

the market…place and sell them。 。  。  。  Everywhere the soldiers are

heard to say that if they want money they know where to find it。〃



'41' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 F7; 3215; letters of the Royal

Commissioners; September 27; October 1; 4; 8; 11; 1790。  the

commencement of the Revolution; had most to do with the

insurrections in the interior。  〃What means can four commissioners

employ to convince 20;000 men; most of whom are seduced by the real

enemies of the public welfare? In consequence of the replacing of

the men the crews are; for the most part; composed of those who are

almost ignorant of the sea; who know nothing of the rules of

subordination; and who; at the commencement of the Revolution; had

most to do with the insurrections in the interior。〃



'42' Mercure de France。  October 2; 1790。  Letter of the Admiral; M。

d'Albert de Rioms; September 16。  The soldiers of the Majestueux

have refused to drill; and the sailors of the Patriote to obey。   …

〃I wished to ascertain beforehand if they had any complaint to make

against their captain? …  No。   …  If they complained of myself?  …

No。   …  If they had any complaints to make against their officers ?

…  No。   …  It is the revolt of one class against another class;

their sole cry is 'Vive la Nation et les Aristocrates à la

lanterne!' The mob have set up a gibbet before the house of M。 de

Marigny; major…general of marines; he has handed in his resignation。

M。 d'Albert tenders his resignation。〃  …  Ibid; June 18; 1791

(letter from Dunkirk; June 3)。



'43' De Dampmartin; I。  222; 219。  Mercure de France; September 3;

1791。  (Sitting of August 23。)  …  Cf。  Moniteur (same date)。  〃The

Ancient Régime;〃 p。377。



'44' Marshal Marmont; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  24。  〃The sentiment I

entertained for the person of the King is difficult to define。  。  。

(It was) a sentiment of devotion of an almost religious character; a

profound respect as if due to a being of a superior order。  At this

time the word king possessed a magic power in all pure and upright

hearts which nothing had changed。  This delicate sentiment 。  。  。

still existed in the mass of the nation; especially among the well…

born; who; sufficiently remote from power; were rather impressed by

its brilliancy than by its imperfections。〃 De Bezancenet; 27。

Letter of M。 de Dommartin; August 24; 1790。  〃We have just renewed

our oath。  I hardly know what it all means。  I; a soldier; know only

my King; in reality I obey two masters; who; we are told; will

secure my happiness and that of my brethren; if they agree

together。〃



'45' De Dampmartin; I。  179。  See the details of his resignation

(III。  185) after June 20; 1792。  …  Mercure de France; April 14;

1792。 Letter from the officers of the battalion of the Royal

chasseurs of Provence (March 9)。  They are confined to their

barracks by their soldiers; who refuse to obey their orders; and

they declare that; on this account; they abandon the service and

leave France。



'46' Rousset; 〃Les Volontaires de 1791 à 1794; p。  106。  Letter of

M。 de Biron to the minister (August; 1792); p。225; letter of Vezu;

commander of the 3rd battalion of Paris; to the army of the north

(July 24; 1793)。   …  〃A Residence in France from 1792 to 1795〃

(September; 1792。  Arras)。  See notes at the end of vol。  II。  for

the details of these violent proceedings。



'47' Mercure de France; March 5; June 4; September 3; October 22;

1791。  (Articles by Mallet du Pan。 …  Ibid。  ; April 14; 1792。  More

than six hundred naval officers resigned after the mutiny of the

squadron at Brest。  〃Twenty…two grave revolts in the ports on

shipboard re
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