the origins of contemporary france-2- 第93部分

and；　consequently；　conquest；　dispossession；　and　extermination；　　…

in　Gard；　a　swarm　of　National　Guards　copy　the　jacquerie：　the　dregs　of

the　Comtat　come　to　the　surface　and　cover　Vaucluse　with　its　scum；　an

army　of　six　thousand　from　Marseilles　sweeps　down　on　Arles。　　…　　In

the　districts　of　N？mes；　Sommières；　Uzès；　Alais；　Jalais；　and　Saint…

Hippolyte；　title…deeds　are　burnt；　proprietors　put　to　ransom；　and

municipal　officers　threatened　with　death　if　they　try　to　interpose；

twenty　chateaux　and　forty　country…houses　are　sacked；　burnt；　and

demolished。　　…　　The　same　month；　Arles　and　Avignon；＇72＇　given　up　to

the　bands　of　Marseilles　and　of　the　Comtat；　see　confiscation　and

massacres　approaching。　　…　　Around　the　commandant；　who　has　received

the　order　to　evacuate　Aries；＇73＇　〃the　inhabitants　of　all　parties〃

gather　as　suppliants；　〃clasping　his　hands；　entreating　him　with　tears

in　their　eyes　not　to　abandon　them；　women　and　children　cling　to　his

boots；〃　so　that　he　does　not　know　how　to　free　himself　without　hurting

them；　on　his　departure　twelve　hundred　families　emigrate。　　After　the

entrance　of　the　Marseilles　band　we　see　eighteen　hundred　electors

proscribed；　their　country…houses　on　the　two　banks　of　the　Rhone

pillaged；　〃as　in　the　times　of　Saracen　pirates；〃　a　tax　of　1；400；000

livres　levied　on　all　people　in　good　circumstances；　absent　or

present；　women　and　girls　promenaded　about　half…naked　on　donkeys　and

publicly　whipped。〃　〃A　saber　committee〃　disposes　of　lives；　proscribes

and　executes：　it　is　the　reign　of　sailors；　porters；　and　the　dregs　of

the　populace。　　…　　At　Avignon；＇74＇　it　is　that　of　simple　brigands；

incendiaries　and　assassins；　who；　six　months　previously；　converted

the　Glacière＇75＇　into　a　charnel…house。　　They　return　in　triumph　and

state　that　〃this　time　the　Glacière　will　be　full。〃　Five　hundred

families　had　already　sought　asylum　in　France　before　the　first

massacre；　now；　the　entire　remainder　of　the　honest　bourgeoisie；

twelve　hundred　persons；　take　to　flight；　and　the　terror　is　so　great

that　the　small　neighboring　towns　dare　not　receive　emigrants。　　In

fact；　from　this　time　forth；　both　departments　throughout　Vaucluse　and

Bouches…de…Rh？ne　are　a　prey：　Bands　of　two　thousand　armed　men；　with

women；　children；　and　other　volunteer　followers；　travel　from　commune

to　commune　to　live　as　they　please　at　the　expense　of　〃fanatics。〃　The

well…bred　people　are　not　the　only　ones　they　despoil。　　Plain

cultivators；　taxed　at　10；000　livres；　have　sixty　men　billeted　on

them；　their　cattle　are　slain　and　eaten　before　their　eyes；　and

everything　in　their　houses　is　broken　up；　they　are　driven　out　of

their　lodgings　and　wander　as　fugitives　in　the　reed…swamps　of　the

Rhone；　awaiting　a　moment　of　respite　to　cross　the　river　and　take

refuge　in　the　neighboring　department。＇76＇　　Thus；　from　the　spring　of

1792；　if　any　citizen　is　suspected　of　unfriendliness　or　even　of

indifference　towards　the　ruling　faction；　if；　through　but　one　opinion

conscientiously　held；　he　risks　the　vague　possibility　of　mistrust　or

of　suspicion；　he　undergoes　popular　hostility；　pillage；　exile；　and

worse　besides；　no　matter　how　loyal　his　conduct　may　be；　nor　how　loyal

he　may　be　at　heart；　no　matter　that　he　is　disarmed　and　inoffensive；

it　is　all　the　same　whether　it　be　a　noble；　bourgeois；　peasant；　aged

priest；　or　woman；　and　this　while　public　peril　is　yet　neither　great；

present；　nor　visible；　since　France　is　at　peace　with　Europe；　and　the

government　still　subsists　in　its　entirety。





IX。



General　state　of　opinion。　　…　　The　three　convoys　of　non…juring

priests　on　the　Seine。　　…　　Psychological　aspects　of　the　Revolution。



What　will　it　be；　then；　now　when　the　peril；　already　become　palpable

and　serious；　is　daily　increasing；　now　when　war　has　begun；　when

Lafayette's　army　is　falling　back　in　confusion；　when　the　Assembly

declares　the　country　in　danger；　when　the　King　is　overthrown；　when

Lafayette　defects　and　goes　abroad；　when　the　soil　of　France　is

invaded；　when　the　frontier　fortresses　surrender　without　resistance；

when　the　Prussians　are　entering　Champagne；　when　the　insurrection　in

La　Vendée　adds　the　lacerations　of　civil　war　to　the　threats　of　a

foreign　war；　and　when　the　cry　of　treachery　arises　on　all　sides？　　…

Already；　on　the　14th　of　May；　at　Metz；＇77＇　M。　de　Fiquelmont；　a　former

canon；　seen　chatting　with　a　hussar　on　the　Place　Saint…Jacques；　was

charged　with　tampering　with　people　on　behalf　of　the　princes；　carried

off　in　spite　of　a　triple　line　of　guards；　and　beaten；　pierced；　and

slashed　with　sticks；　bayonets；　and　sabers；　while　the　mad　crowd

around　the　murderers　uttered　cries　of　rage：　and　from　month　to　month；

in　proportion　as　popular　fears　increase；　popular　imagination　becomes

more　heated　and　its　delirium　grows。　　…　　You　can　see　this　yourself　by

one　example。　　On　the　31st　of　August；　1792；＇78＇　eight　thousand　non…

juring　priests；　driven　out　of　their　parishes；　are　at　Rouen；　a　town

less　intolerant　than　the　others；　and；　in　conformity　with　the　decree

which　banishes　them；　are　preparing　to　leave　France。　　Two　vessels

have　just　carried　away　about　a　hundred　of　them；　one　hundred　and

twenty　others　are　embarking　for　Ostend　in　a　larger　vessel。　　They

take　nothing　with　them　except　a　little　money；　some　clothes；　and　one

or　at　most　two　portions　of　their　breviary；　because　they　intend　to

return　soon。　　Each　has　a　regular　passport；　and；　just　at　the　moment

of　leaving；　the　National　Guard　have　made　a　thorough　inspection　so　as

not　to　let　a　suspected　person　escape。　　It　makes　no　difference。　　On

reaching　Quilleboeuf　the　first　two　convoys　are　stopped。　　A　report

has　spread；　indeed；　that　the　priests　are　going　to　join　the　enemy　and

enlist；　and　the　people　living　round　about　jump　into　their　boats　and

surround　the　vessels。　　The　priests　are　obliged　to　disembark　amidst　a

tempests　of　〃yells；　blasphemies；　insults；　and　abuse：〃　one　of　them；　a

white…headed　old　man；　having　fallen　into　the　mud；　the　cries　and

shouts　redouble；　if　he　is　drowned　so　much　the　better；　there　will　be

one　less！　On　landing　all　are　put　in　prison；　on　bare　stones；　without

straw　or　bread；　and　word　is　sent　to　Paris　to　know　what　must　be　done

with　so　many　cassocks。　　In　the　meantime　the　third　vessel；　short　of

provisions；　has　sent　two　priests　to　Quilleboeuf　and　to　Pont…Audemer

to　have　twelve　hundred　pounds　of　bread　baked：　pointed　out　by　the

village　militia；　they　are　chased　out　like　wild　beasts；　pass　the

night　in　a　wood；　and　find　their　way　back　with　difficulty　empty…

handed。　　The　vessel　itself　being　signaled；　is　besieged。　　〃In　all　the

municipalities　on　the　banks　of　the　river　drums　beat　incessantly　to

warn　the　population　to　be　on　their　guard。　　The　appearance　of　an

Algerian　or　Tripolitan　corsair　on　the　shores　of　the　Adriatic　would

cause　less　excitement。　　One　of　the　seamen　of　the　vessel　published　a

statement　that　the　trunks　of　the　priests　transported　were　full　of

every　kind　of　arms。〃　and　the　country　people　constantly　imagine　that

they　are　going　to　fall　upon　them　sword　and　pistol　in　hand。　　For

several　long　days　the　famished　convoy　remains　moored　in　the　stream；

are　carefully　watched。　　Boats　filled　with　volunteers　and　peasants

row　around　it　uttering　insults　and　threats：　in　the　neighboring

meadows　the　National　Guards　form　themselves　in　line　of　battle。

Finally；　a　decision　is　arrived　at。　　The　bravest；　well　armed　get　into

skiffs；　approach　the　vessel　cautiously；　choose　the　most　favorable

time　and　spot；　rush　on　board；　and　take　possession；　and　are　perfectly

astonished　to　find　neither　enemies　nor　arms。　　…　　Nevertheless；　the

priests　are　confined　on　board；　and　their　deputies；　must　make　their

appearance　before　the　mayor。　　The　latter；　a　former　usher　and　good

Jacobin；　being　the　most　frightened；　is　the　most　violent。　　He　refuses

to　stamp　the　passports；　and；　seeing　two　priests　approach；　one

provided　with　a　sword…cane　and　the　other　with　an　iron…pointed　stick；

thinks　that　there　is　to　be　a　sudden　attack。　　〃Here　are　two　more　of

them；〃　he　exclaims　with　terror；　〃they　are　all　going　to　land。　　My

friends；　the　town　is　in　danger！　〃　　…　　On　hearing　this　the　crowd

becomes　alarmed；　and　threatens　the　deputies；　the　cry　of　〃To　the　lamp

post！〃　is　heard；　and；　to　save　them；　National　Guards　are　obliged　to

conduct　them　to　prison　in　the　center　of　a　circle　of　bayonets。　　　…

It　must　be　noted　that　these　madmen　are　〃at　bottom　the　kindest　people

in　the　world。〃　After　the　boarding　of　the　ship；　one　of　the　most

ferocious；　by　profession　a　barber；　seeing　the　long　beards　of　these

poor　priests；　instantly　cools　down；　draws　forth　his　tools；　and　good…

naturedly　sets　to　work；　spending　several　hours　in　shaving　them。　In

ordinary　times　ecclesiastics　received　nothing　but　salutations；　three

years　previously　they　were　〃respected　as　fathers　and　guides。〃　But　at

the　present　moment　the　rustic；　the　man　of　the　lower　class；　is　out　of

his　bearings。　　Forcibly　and　against　nature；　he　has　been　made　a

theologian；　a　politician；　a　police　captain；　a　local　independent

sovereign；　and　in　such　a　position　his　head　is　turned。　　Among　these

people　who　seem　to　have　lost　their　senses；　only　one；　an　officer　of

the　National　Guard；　remains　cool；　he　is；　besides；　very　polite；　well…

behaved；　and　an　agreeable　talker；　he　comes　in　the　evening　to　comfort

the　prisoners　and　to　take　tea　with　them　in　prison；　in　fact；　he　is

accustomed　to　tragedies　and；　thanks　to　his　profession；　his　nerves

are　in　repose　　…　　this　person　is　the　executioner。　　The　others；　〃whom

one　would　take　for　tigers；〃　are　bewildered　sheep；　but　they　are　not

the　less　dangerous；　for；　carried　away　by　their　delirium；　they　bear

down　with　their　mass　on　whatever　gives　them　umbrage。　　　…　　　On　the

road　from　Paris　to　Lyons＇79＇　Roland's　commissioners　witness　this

terrible　fright。　　〃The　people　are　constantly　asking　what　our

generals　and　armies　are　doing；　they　have　vengeful　expressions

frequently　on　their　lips。　　Yes；　they　say；　we　will　set　out；　but　we

must　（at　first）　purge　the　interior。〃



Something　appalling　is　in　preparation。　　The　seventh　jacquerie　is

drawing　near；　this　on