the origins of contemporary france-2- 第63部分

frontier；　after　five　months　of　delay。＇23＇　In　the　month　of　July　1791；

a　French　vessel　on　the　way　from　Rouen　to　Caudebec；　said　to　be　loaded

with　kegs　of　gold　and　silver；　is　stopped。　　On　the　examination　being

made；　it　has　a　right　to　leave；　its　papers　are　all　correct；　and　the

department　enjoins　the　district　to　respect　the　law。　　The　district；

however；　replies　that　it　is　impossible；　since　〃all　the

municipalities　on　the　banks　of　the　Seine　have　armed　and　are　awaiting

the　passing　of　the　vessel；〃　and　the　National　Assembly　itself　is

obliged　to　pass　a　decree　that　the　vessel　shall　be　discharged。



If　the　rebellion　of　the　small　communes　is　of　this　stamp；　what　must

be　that　of　the　larger　ones？＇24＇　The　departments　and　districts　summon

the　municipality　in　vain；　it　disobeys　or　pays　no　attention　to　the

summons。



　〃Since　the　session　began；〃　writes　the　directory　of　Sa？ne…et…Loire；

〃the　municipality　of　Ma？on　has　taken　no　step　in　relation　to　us　which

has　not　been　an　encroachment。　　It　has　not　uttered　a　word；　which　has

not　been　an　insult。　　It　has　not　entered　upon　a　deliberation　which

has　not　been　an　outrage。〃



　〃If　the　regiment　of　Aunis　is　not　ordered　here　immediately；〃　writes

the　directory　of　Calvados；　〃if　prompt　and　efficient　measures　are　not

taken　to　provide　us　with　an　armed　force；　we　shall　abandon　a　post

which　we　can　not　longer　hold　due　to　insubordination；　license；

contempt　for　all　the　authorities。　We　shall　in　this　case　be　unable　to

perform　the　duties　which　were　imposed　upon　us。〃



The　directory　of　the　Bouches…du…Rhone；　on　being　attacked；　flies

before　the　bayonets　of　Marseilles。　　The　members　of　the　directory　of

Gers；　in　conflict　with　the　municipality　of　Auch；　are　almost　beaten

to　death。　　As　to　the　ministers；　who　are　distrusted　by　virtue　of

their　office；　they　are　still　less　respected　than　the　directories；

They　are　constantly　denounced　to　the　Assembly；　while　the

municipalities　send　back　their　dispatches　without　deigning　to　open

them；＇25＇　and；　towards　the　end　of　1791；　their　increasing

powerlessness　ends　in　complete　annihilation。　　We　can　judge　of　this

by　one　example。　　In　the　month　of　December　1791；　Limoges　is　not

allowed　to　carry　away　the　grain；　which　it　had　just　purchased　in

Indre；　a　force　of　sixty　horsemen　being　necessary　to　protect　its

transportation。　　The　directory　of　Indre　at　once　calls　upon　the

ministers　to　furnish　them　with　this　small　troop。＇26＇　After　trying

for　three　weeks；　the　minister　replies　that　it　is　out　of　his　power；

he　has　knocked　at　all　doors　in　vain。　　〃I　have　pointed　out　one　way；〃

he　says；　〃to　the　deputies　of　your　department　in　the　National

Assembly；　namely；　to　withdraw　the　20th　regiment　of　cavalry　from

Orleans；　and　I　have　recommended　them　to　broach　the　matter　to　the

deputies　of　Loiret。〃　The　answer　is　still　delayed：　the　deputies　of

the　two　departments　have　to　come　to　an　agreement；　for；　otherwise；

the　minister　dares　not　displace　sixty　men　to　protect　a　convoy　of

grain。　　It　is　plain　enough　that　there　is　no　longer　any　executive

power。　　There　is　no　longer　a　central　authority。　　There　is　no　longer

a　France；　but　merely　so　many　disintegrated　and　independent　communes；

like　Orleans　and　Limoges；　which；　through　their　representatives；

carry　on　negotiations　with　each　other；　one　to　secure　itself　from　a

deficiency　of　troops；　and　the　other　to　secure　itself　from　a　want　of

bread。



Let　us　consider　this　general　dissolution　on　the　spot；　and　take　up　a

case　in　detail。　　On　the　18th　of　January　1790；　the　new　municipal

authorities　of　Marseilles　enter　upon　their　duties。　　As　is　generally

the　case；　the　majority　of　the　electors　have　had　nothing　to　do　with

the　balloting。　　The　mayor；　Martin；　having　been　elected　by　only　an

eighth　of　the　active　citizens。＇27＇　　If；　however；　the　dominant

minority　is　a　small　one；　it　is　resolute　and　not　inclined　to　stop　at

trifles。　　〃Scarcely　is　it　organized；〃＇28＇　when　it　sends　deputies　to

the　King　to　have　him　withdraw　his　troops　from　Marseilles。　　The　King；

always　weak　and　accommodating；　finally　consents；　and；　the　orders　to

march　being　prepared；　the　municipality　is　duly　advised　of　them。　　But

the　municipality　will　tolerate　no　delay；　and　immediately　〃draws　up；

prints；　and　issues　a　denunciation　to　the　National　Assembly〃　against

the　commandant　and　the　two　ministers　who；　according　to　it；　are

guilty　of　having　forged　or　suppressed　the　King's　orders。　　In　the

meantime　it　equips　and　fortifies　itself　as　for　a　combat。　　At　its

first　establishment　the　municipality　broke　up　the　bourgeois　guard；

which　was　too　great　a　lover　of　order；　and　organized　a　National

Guard；　in　which　those　who　have　no　property　are　soon　to　be　admitted。

〃Daily　additions　are　made　to　its　military　apparatus；＇29＇

entrenchments　and　barricades　at　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　are　increasing；

the　artillery　is　increased；　the　town　is　filled　with　the　excitement

of　a　military　camp　in　the　immediate　presence　of　an　enemy。〃　Thus；　in

possession　of　force；　it　makes　use　of　it；　and　in　the　first　place

against　justice。　　　A　popular　insurrection　had　been　suppressed　in

the　month　of　August　1789；　and　the　three　principal　leaders；　Rebecqui；

Pascal；　and　Granet；　had　been　imprisoned　in　the　Chateau　d'If。　　They

are　the　friends　of　the　municipal　authorities；　and　they　must　be　set

free。　　At　the　demand　of　this　body　the　affair　is　taken　out　of　the

hands　of　the　grand…prév？t　and　put　into　those　of　the　sénéchaussée；

the　former；　meanwhile；　together　with　his　councilors；　undergoing

punishment　for　having　performed　their　duty。　　The　municipality；　on

its　own　authority；　forbids　them　from　further　exercise　of　their

functions。　　They　are　publicly　denounced；　〃threatened　with　poniards；

the　scaffold；　and　every　species　of　assassination。〃　＇30＇　No　printer

dares　publish　their　defense；　for　fear　of　〃municipal　annoyances。〃　It

is　not　long　before　the　royal　procureur　and　a　councillor　are　reduced

to　seeking　refuge　in　Fort　Saint…Jean；　while　the　grand…prév？t　after

having　resisted　a　little　longer；　leaves　Marseilles　in　order　to　save

his　life。　　As　to　the　three　imprisoned　men；　the　municipal　authorities

visit　them　in　a　body　and　demand　their　provisional　release。　　One　of

them　having　made　his　escape；　they　refuse　to　give　the　commandant　the

order　for　his　re…arrest。　　The　other　two　triumphantly　leave　the

chateau　on　the　11th　of　April；　escorted　by　eight　hundred　National

Guards。　　They　go；　for　form's　sake；　to　the　prisons　of　the

sénéchaussée　but　the　next　day　are　set　at　liberty；　and　further

prosecution　ceases。　　As　an　offset　to　this；　M。　　d'Ambert；　colonel　in

the　Royal　Marine；　guilty　of　expressing　himself　too　warmly　against

the　National　Guard；　although　acquitted　by　the　tribunal　before　which

he　was　brought；　can　be　set　at　liberty　only　in　secret　and　under　the

protection　of　two　thousand　soldiers。　　The　populace　want　to　burn　the

house　of　the　criminal　lieutenant　that　dared　absolve　him。　　The

magistrate　himself　is　in　danger；　and　is　forced　to　take　refuge　in　the

house　of　the　military　commander。＇31＇　　Meanwhile；　printed　and　written

papers；　insulting　libels　by　the　municipal　body　and　the　club；　the

seditious　or　violent　discussions　of　the　district　assemblies；　and　a

lot　of　pamphlets；　are　freely　distributed　among　the　people　and　the

soldiers：　the　latter　are　purposely　stirred　up　in　advance　against

their　chiefs。　…　　…　In　vain　are　the　officers　mild；　conciliatory；　and

cautious。　　In　vain　does　the　commander…in…chief　depart　with　a　portion

of　the　troops。　　The　object　now　is　to　dislodge　the　regiment　occupying

the　three　forts。　　The　club　sets　the　ball　in　motion；　and；　forcibly　or

otherwise；　the　will　of　the　people　must　be　carried　out。　　On　the　29th

of　April；　two　actors；　supported　by　fifty　volunteers；　surprise　a

sentinel　and　get　possession　of　Notre…Dame　de　la　Garde。　　On　the　same

day；　six　thousand　National　Guards　invest　the　forts　of　Saint…Jean　and

Saint…Nicolas。　　The　municipal　authorities；　summoned　to　respect　the

fortresses；　reply　by　demanding　the　opening　of　the　gates　to　the

National　Guard；　that　it　may　do　duty　jointly　with　the　soldiers。　　The

commandants　hesitate；　refer　to　the　law；　and　demand　time　to　consult

their　superiors。　　A　second　requisition；　more　urgent；　is　made；　the

commandants　are　held　responsible　for　the　disturbances　they　provoke

by　their　refusal。　　If　they　resist　they　are　declared　promoters　of

civil　war。＇32＇　　They　accordingly　yield　and　sign　　a　capitulation。

One　among　them；　the　Chevalier　de　Beausset；　major　in　Fort　Saint…Jean；

is　opposed　to　this；　and　refuses　his　signature。　　On　the　following　day

he　is　seized　as　he　is　about　to　enter　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　and

massacred；　his　head　being　borne　about　on　the　end　of　a　pike；　while

the　band　of　assassins；　the　soldiers；　and　the　rabble　dance　about　and

shout　over　his　remains。　…　〃　It　is　a　sad　accident；〃　writes　the

municipality。＇33＇　　How　does　it　happen　that；　〃after　having　thus　far

merited　and　obtained　all　praise；　a　Beausset；　whom　we　were　unable　to

protect　against　the　decrees　of　Providence；　should　sully　our　laurels？

Having　had　nothing　to　do　with　this　tragic　affair；　it　is　not　for　us

to　prosecute　the　authors　of　it。〃　Moreover；　he　was　〃culpable　。　　。　　。。

rebellious；　condemned　by　public　opinion；　and　Providence　itself　seems

to　have　abandoned　him　to　the　irrevocable　decrees　of　its　vengeance。〃

…　As　to　the　taking　of　the　forts；　nothing　is　more　legitimate。　　〃These

places　were　in　the　hands　of　the　enemies　of　the　State；　while　now　they

are　in　the　hands　of　the　defenders　of　the　Constitution　of　the　empire。

Woe　to　whoever　would　take　them　from　us　again；　to　convert　them　into　a

focus　of　counter…revolution　〃　　…　M。　　de　Miran；　commandant　of　the

province；　has；　it　is　true；　made　a　demand　for　them。　　But；　〃is　it　not

somewhat　pitiable　to　see　the　requisition　of　a　Sieur　de　Miran；　made

in　the　name　of　the　King　he　betrays；　to　surrender　to　his　Majesty's

troops　places　which；　henceforth　in　our　hands；　guarantee　public

security　to　the　nation；　to　the　law；　and　to　the　King？〃　In　vain　does

the　King；　at　the　request　of　the　National　Assembly；＇34＇　order　the

municipality　to　restore　the　forts