the origins of contemporary france-2- 第10部分

theories；　neither　dare　nor　know　how　to　escape　from　the　tyranny　of

the　prevailing　dogma。　　　Henceforth　it　becomes　the　law。　　All　the

Assemblies；　the　Constituent；　the　Legislative；　the　Convention；＇29＇

submit　to　it　entirely。　　The　public　in　the　galleries　is　the　admitted

representatives　of　the　people；　under　the　same　title；　and　even　under

a　higher　title；　than　the　deputies。　　Now；　this　public　is　that　of　the

Palais…Royal；　consisting　of　strangers；　idlers；　lovers　of　novelties；

Paris　romancers；　leaders　of　the　coffee…houses；　the　future　pillars　of

the　clubs；　in　short；　the　wild　enthusiasts　among　the　middle…class；

just　as　the　crowd　which　threatens　doors　and　throws　stones　is

recruited　from　among　the　wild　enthusiasts　of　the　lowest　class。　　Thus

by　an　involuntary　selection；　the　faction　which　constitutes　itself　a

public　power　is　composed　of　nothing　but　violent　minds　and　violent

hands。　　Spontaneously　and　without　previous　concert　dangerous

fanatics　are　joined　with　dangerous　brutes；　and　in　the　increasing

discord　between　the　legal　authorities　this　is　the　illegal　league

which　is　certain　to　overthrow　all。



When　a　commanding　general　sits　in　council　with　his　staff…officers

and　his　counselors；　and　discusses　the　plan　of　a　campaign；　the　chief

public　interest　is　that　discipline　should　remain　intact；　and　that

intruders；　soldiers；　or　menials；　should　not　throw　the　weight　of

their　turbulence　and　thoughtlessness　into　the　scales　which　have　to

be　cautiously　and　firmly　held　by　their　chiefs。　　This　was　the　express

demand　of　the　Government；＇30＇　but　the　demand　was　not　regarded；　and

against　the　persistent　usurpation　of　the　multitude　nothing　is　left

to　it　but　the　employment　of　force。　　But　force　itself　is　slipping

from　its　hands；　while　growing　disobedience；　like　a　contagion；　after

having　gained　the　people　is　spreading　among　the　troops。　　…　　From　the

23rd　of　June；＇31＇　two　companies　of　the　French　Guards　refused　to　do

duty。　　Confined　to　their　barracks；　they　on　the　27th　break　out；　and

henceforth　〃they　are　seen　every　evening　entering　the　Palais…Royal；

marching　in　double　file。〃　They　know　the　place　well；　it　is　the

general　rendezvous　of　the　abandoned　women　whose　lovers　and　parasites

they　are。＇32＇　　〃The　patriots　all　gather　around　them；　treat　them　to

ice　cream　and　wine；　and　debauch　them　in　the　face　of　their　officers。〃

　To　this；　moreover；　must　be　added　the　fact　that　their　colonel；　M。

du　Chatelet；　has　long　been　odious　to　them；　that　he　has　fatigued　them

with　forced　drills；　worried　them　and　diminished　the　number　of　their

sergeants；　that　he　suppressed　the　school　for　the　education　of　the

children　of　their　musicians；　that　he　uses　the　stick　in　punishing　the

men；　and　picks　quarrels　with　them　about　their　appearance；　their

board；　and　their　clothing。　　This　regiment　is　lost　to　discipline：　a

secret　society　has　been　formed　in　it；　and　the　soldiers　have　pledged

themselves　to　their　ensigns　not　to　act　against　the　National

Assembly。　　Thus　the　confederation　between　them　and　the　Palais…Royal

is　established。　　　On　the　30th　of　June；　eleven　of　their　leaders；

taken　off　to　the　Abbaye；　write　to　claim　their　assistance。　　A　young

man　mounts　a　chair　in　front　of　the　Café　Foy　and　reads　their　letter

aloud；　a　band　sets　out　on　the　instant；　forces　the　gate　with　a

sledge…hammer　and　iron　bars；　brings　back　the　prisoners　in　triumph；

gives　them　a　feast　in　the　garden　and　mounts　guard　around　them　to

prevent　their　being　re…taken。　　　When　disorders　of　this　kind　go

unpunished；　order　cannot　be　maintained；　in　fact；　on　the　morning　of

the　14th　of　July；　five　out　of　six　battalions　had　deserted。　　　As　to

the　other　corps；　they　are　no　better　and　are　also　seduced。

〃Yesterday；〃　Desmoulins　writes；　〃the　artillery　regiment　followed　the

example　of　the　French　Guards；　overpowering　the　sentinels　and　coming

over　to　mingle　with　the　patriots　in　the　Palais…Royal　。　　。　　。。　　We

see　nothing　but　the　rabble　attaching　themselves　to　soldiers　whom

they　chance　to　encounter。　　'Allons；　Vive　le　Tiers…Etat！'　and　they

lead　them　off　to　a　tavern　to　drink　the　health　of　the　Commons。〃

Dragoons　tell　the　officers　who　are　marching　them　to　Versailles：　〃We

obey　you；　but　you　may　tell　the　ministers　on　our　arrival　that　if　we

are　ordered　to　use　the　least　violence　against　our　fellow…citizens；

the　first　shot　shall　be　for　you。〃　At　the　Invalides　twenty　men；

ordered　to　remove　the　cocks　and　ramrods　from　the　guns　stored　in　a

threatened　arsenal；　devote　six　hours　to　rendering　twenty　guns

useless；　their　object　is　to　keep　them　intact　for　plunder　and　for　the

arming　of　the　people。



In　short；　the　largest　portion　of　the　army　has　deserted。　　However

kind　a　superior　officer　might　be；　the　fact　of　his　being　a　superior

officer　secures　for　him　the　treatment　of　an　enemy。　　The　governor；

〃M。　de　Sombreuil；　against　whom　these　people　could　utter　no

reproach；〃　will　soon　see　his　artillerists　point　their　guns　at　his

apartment；　and　will　just　escape　being　hung　on　the　iron…railings　by

their　own　hands。　　Thus　the　force　which　is　brought　forward　to

suppress　insurrection　only　serves　to　furnish　it　with　recruits。　　And

even　worse；　for　the　display　of　arms　that　was　relied　on　to　restrain

the　mob；　furnished　the　instigation　to　rebellion。



　VI。



July　13th　and　14th　1789。



The　fatal　moment　has　arrived；　it　is　no　longer　a　government　which

falls　that　it　may　give　way　to　another；　it　is　all　government　which

ceases　to　exist　in　order　to　make　way　for　an　intermittent　despotism；

for　factions　blindly　impelled　on　by　enthusiasm；　credulity；　misery；

and　fear。＇33＇　Like　a　tame　elephant　suddenly　become　wild　again；　the

mob　throws　off　it　ordinary　driver；　and　the　new　guides　who　it

tolerates　perched　on　its　neck　are　there　simply　for　show。　　In　future

it　will　move　along　as　it　pleases；　freed　from　control；　and　abandoned

to　its　own　feelings；　instincts；　and　appetites。　　　Apparently；　there

was　no　desire　to　do　more　than　anticipate　its　aberrations。　　The　King

has　forbidden　all　violence；　the　commanders　order　the　troops　not　to

fire；＇34＇　but　the　excited　and　wild　animal　takes　all　precautions　for

insults；　in　future；　it　intends　to　be　its　own　conductor；　and；　to

begin；　it　treads　its　guides　under　foot。　　　On　the　12th　of　July；

near　noon；＇35＇　on　the　news　of　the　dismissal　of　Necker；　a　cry　of　rage

arises　in　the　Palais…Royal；　Camille　Desmoulins；　mounted　on　a　table；

announces　that　the　Court　meditates　〃a　St。　Bartholomew　of　patriots。〃

The　crowd　embrace　him；　adopt　the　green　cockade　which　he　has

proposed；　and　oblige　the　dancing…saloons　and　theaters　to　close　in

sign　of　mourning：　they　hurry　off　to　the　residence　of　Curtius；　and

take　the　busts　of　the　Duke　of　Orleans　and　of　Necker　and　carry　them

about　in　triumph。　　　Meanwhile；　the　dragoons　of　the　Prince　de

Lambesc；　drawn　up　on　the　Place　Louis…Quinze；　find　a　barricade　of

chairs　at　the　entrance　of　the　Tuileries；　and　are　greeted　with　a

shower　of　stones　and　bottles。＇36＇　　Elsewhere；　on　the　Boulevard；

before　the　H？tel　Montmorency；　some　of　the　French　Guards；　escaped

from　their　barracks；　fired　on　a　loyal　detachment　of　the　〃Royal

Allemand。〃　…　The　alarm　bell　is　sounding　on　all　sides；　the　shops

where　arms　are　sold　are　pillaged；　and　the　H？tel…de…Ville　is　invaded；

fifteen　or　sixteen　well…disposed　electors；　who　meet　there；　order　the

districts　to　be　assembled　and　armed。　　　The　new　sovereign；　the

people　in　arms　and　in　the　street；　has　declared　himself。



The　dregs　of　society　at　once　come　to　the　surface。　　During　the　night

between　the　12th　and　13th　of　July；＇37＇　〃all　the　barriers；　from　the

Faubourg　Saint…Antoine　to　the　Faubourg　Saint…Honoré；　besides　those

of　the　Faubourgs　Saint…Marcel　and　Saint…Jacques；　are　forced　and　set

on　fire。〃　There　is　no　longer　an　octroi；　the　city　is　without　a

revenue　just　at　the　moment　when　it　is　obliged　to　make　the　heaviest

expenditures；　but　this　is　of　no　consequence　to　the　mob；　which；　above

all　things；　wants　to　have　cheap　wine。　　〃Ruffians；　armed　with　pikes

and　sticks；　proceed　in　several　parties　to　give　up　to　pillage　the

houses　of　those　who　are　regarded　as　enemies　to　the　public　welfare。〃

〃They　go　from　door　to　door　crying；　'Arms　and　bread！'　During　this

fearful　night；　the　bourgeoisie　kept　themselves　shut　up；　each

trembling　at　home　for　himself　and　those　belonging　to　him。〃　On　the

following　day；　the　13th；　the　capital　appears　to　be　given　up　to

bandits　and　the　lowest　of　the　low。　　One　of　the　bands　hews　down　the

gate　of　the　Lazarists；　destroys　the　library　and　clothes…presses；　the

pictures；　the　windows　and　laboratory；　and　rushes　to　the　cellars；

where　it　staves　in　the　casks　and　gets　drunk：　twenty…four　hours　after

this；　about　thirty　of　them　are　found　dead　and　dying；　drowned　in

wine；　men　and　women；　one　of　these　being　at　the　point　of　childbirth。

In　front　of　the　house＇38＇　the　street　is　full　of　the　wreckage；　and　of

ruffians　who　hold　in　their　hands；　〃　some；　eatables；　others　a　jug；

forcing　the　passers…by　to　drink；　and　pouring　out　wine　to　all　comers。

Wine　runs　down　into　the　gutter；　and　the　scent　of　it　fills　the　air；〃

it　is　a　drinking　bout：　meanwhile　they　carry　away　the　grain　and　flour

which　the　monks　kept　on　hand　according　to　law；　fifty…two　loads　of　it

being　taken　to　the　market。　　Another　troop　comes　to　La　Force；　to

deliver　those　imprisoned　for　debt；　a　third　breaks　into　the　Garde

Meuble；　carrying　away　valuable　arms　and　armour。　　Mobs　assemble

before　the　hotel　of　Madame　de　Breteuil　and　the　Palais…Bourbon；　which

they　intend　to　ransack；　in　order　to　punish　their　proprietors。　　M。　de

Crosne；　one　of　the　most　liberal　and　most　respected　men　of　Paris；

but；　unfortunately　for　himself　a　lieutenant　of　the　police；　is

pursued；　escaping　with　difficulty；　and　his　hotel　is　sacked。　　

During　the　night　between　the　13th　and　14th　of　May；　the　baker's　shops

and　the　wine　shops　are　pillaged；　〃men　of　the　vilest　class；　armed

with　guns；　pikes；　and　turnspits；　make　people　open　their　doors　and

give　them　something　to　eat　and　drink；　as　well　as　money　and　arms。〃

Vagrants；　ragged　men；　several　of　them　〃almost　naked；〃　and　〃most　of

them　armed　like　savag