ourse； First； not to define ought which concerns the justice of single actions； but leave them to be determined by the laws。 Next not to dispute the laws of any government in special； that is； not to point which are the laws of any country； but to declare what the laws of all countries are。 Thirdly not to seem of opinion； that there is a lesse proportion of for obedience due to an Aristocraty or Democraty； then a Monarchy； though I have endeavoured by arguments in my tenth Chapter to gain a belief in men； that Monarchy is the most commodious government （which one thing alone I confesse in this whole book not to be demonstrated； but only probably stated） yet every where I expresly say； that in all kind of Government whatsoever； there ought to be a supreme and equall power。 Fourthly； not in any wise to dispute the positions of Divines； except those which strip Subjects of their obedience； and shake the foundations of civill government。 Lastly； lest I might imprudently set forth somewhat of which there would be no need； what I had thus written； I would not presently expose to publique interest； wherefore I got some few copies privately disperst among some of my friends； that discrying the opinions of others； if any things appeared erroneous； hard； or obscure； I might correct； soften； and explain them。 These things I found most bitterly excepted against： that I had made the civill powers too large； but this by Ecclesiasticall persons； that I had utterly taken away liberty of conscience； but this by Sectaries； that I had set princes above the civil Laws； but this by Lawyers； wherefore I was not much moved by these mens reprehensions； （as who in doing this did but do their own business） except it were tye those knots so much faster。 But for their sakes who have a litle been staggered at the principles themselves； to wit the nature of men； the authority or right of nature； the nature of compacts and contracts； and the originall of civill government； because in finding fault they have not so much followed their passions； as their common sense； I have therefore in some places added some annotations whereby I presumed I might give some satisfaction to their differing thoughts； Lastly I have endevoured to offend none beside those whose principles these contradict； and whose tender mindes are lightly offended by every difference of opinions。 Wherefore if ye shall meet with some things which have more of sharpnesse； and lesse of certainty then they ought to have； since they are not so much spoken for the maintenance of parties； as the establishment of peace； and by one whose just grief for the present calamities of his country； may very charitably be allowed some liberty； it is his only request to ye Readers； ye will deign to receive them with an equall mind。
Philosophicall Elements of a true Citizen。
Liberty
Chapter One
Of the state of men without Civill Society
I。 The faculties of Humane nature may be reduc'd unto four kinds； Bodily strength； Experience； Reason； Passion。 Taking the beginning of this following Doctrine from these； we will declare in the first place what manner of inclinations men who are endued with these faculties bare towards each other； and whether； and by what faculty； they are born apt for Society； and so preserve themselves against mutuall violence； then proceeding； we will shew what advice was necessary to be taken for this businesse； and what are the conditions of Society； or of Humane Peace； that is to say； （changing the words onely） what are the fundamentall Lawes of Nature。 II。 The greatest part of those men who have written ought concerning Commonwealths； either suppose； or require us； or beg of us to believe； That Man is a Creature born fit for Society： The Greeks call him Zoon politikon； and on this foundation they so build up the Doctrine of Civill Society； as if for the preservation of Peace； and the Government of Man…kind there were nothing else necessary； then that Men should agree to make certaine Covenants and Conditions together； which themselves should then call Lawes。 Which Axiom； though received by most； is yet certainly False； and an Errour proceeding from our too slight contemplation of Humane Nature； for they who shall more narrowly look into the Causes for which Men come together； and delight in each others company； shall easily find that this happens not because naturally it could happen no otherwise； but by Accident： For if by nature one Man should Love another （that is） as Man； there could no reason be return'd why every Man should not equally Love every Man； as being equally Man； or why he should rather frequent those whose Society affords him Honour or Profit。 We doe not therefore by nature seek Society for its own sake； but that we may receive some Honour or Profit from it； these we desire Primarily； that Secondarily： How by what advice Men doe meet； will be best known by observing those things which they doe when they are met： For if they meet for Traffique； it's plaine every man regards not his Fellow； but his Businesse； if to discharge some Office； a certain Market…friendship is begotten； which hath more of Jealousie in it then True love； and whence Factions sometimes may arise； but Good will never； if for Pleasure； and Recreation of mind； every man is wont to please himself most with those things which stirre up laughter； whence he may （according to the nature of that which is Ridiculous） by comparison of another mans Defects and Infirmities； passe the more currant in his owne opinion； and although this be sometimes innocent； and without offence； yet it is manifest they are not so much delighted with the Society； as their own Vain glory。 But for the most part； in these kind of meetings； we wound the absent； their whole life； sayings； actions are examin'd； judg'd； condemn'd； nay； it is very rare； but some present receive a fling before they part； so as his reason was not ill； who was wont alwayes at parting to goe out last。 And these are indeed the true delights of Society； unto which we are carryed by nature； （i。e。） by those passions which are incident to all Creatures； untill either by sad experience； or good precepts； it so fall out （which in many never happens） that the Appetite； of present matters； be dul'd with the memory of things past； without which； the discourse of most quick and nimble men； on this subject； is but cold and hungry。 But if it so happen； that being met； they passe their time in relating some Stories； and one of them begins to tell one which concernes himselfe； instantly every one of the rest most greedily desires to speak of himself too。 if one relate some wonder； the rest will tell you miracles； if they have them； if not； they'l fein them： Lastly； that I may say somewhat of them who pretend to be wiser then others； if they meet to talk of Philosophy； look how many men； so many would be esteem'd Masters； or else they not only love not their fellowes； but even persecute them with hatred： So clear is it by experience to all men who a little more narrowly consider Humane affaires； that all free congress ariseth either from mutual poverty； or from vain glory； whence the parties met； endeavour to carry with them either some benefit； or to leave behind them that same some esteem and honour with those； with whom they have been conversant： The same is also collected by reason out of the definitions themselves； of Will； Good； Honour； Profitable。 For when we voluntarily contract Society； in all manner of Society we look after the object of the Will； i。e。 that； which every one of those； who gather together； propounds to himselfe for good； now whatsoever seemes good； is pleasant； and relates either to the senses； or the mind； but all the mindes pleasure is either Glory； （or to have a good opinion of ones selfe） or referres to Glory in the end； the rest are Sensuall； or conducing to sensuality； which may be all comprehended under the word Conveniencies。 All Society therefore is either for Gain； or for Glory； （i。e。） not so much for love of our Fellowes； as for love of our Selves： but no society can be great； or lasting； which begins from Vain Glory； because that Glory is like Honour； if all； men have it； no man hath it； for they consist in comparison and precellence； neither doth the society of others advance any whit the cause of my glorying in my selfe； for every man must account himself； such as he can make himselfe； without the help of others。 But though the benefits of this life may be much farthered by mutuall help； since yet those may be better attain'd to by Dominion； then by the society of others： I hope no body will doubt but that men would much more greedily be carryed by Nature； if all fear were removed； to obtain Dominion； then to gaine Society。 We must therefore resolve； that the Originall of all great； and lasting Societies； consisted not in the mutuall good will men had towards each other； but in the mutuall fear they had of each other。 Born fit＇ Since we now see actually a constituted Society among men； and none living out of it； since we discern all desirous of congresse； and mutuall correspondence； it may seeme a wonderfull kind of stupidity； to lay in the very threshold of this Doctrine； such a stumbling block before t he Readers； as to deny Man to be born fit for Society： Therefore I must more plainly say； That it is true indeed； that to Man； by nature； or as Man； that is； as soone as he is born； Solitude is an enemy； for Infants have need of others to help them to live； and those of riper years to help them to live well； wherefore I deny not that men （even nature compelling） desire to come together。 But civill Societies are not meer Meetings； but Bonds； to the making whereof； Faith and Compacts are necessary： The Vertue whereof to Children； and Fooles； and the profit whereof to those who have not yet tasted the miseries which accompany its defects； is altogether unknown； whence it happens； that those； because they know not what Society is； cannot enter into it； these； because ignorant of the benefit it brings； care not for it。 Manifest therefore it is； that all men； because they are born in Infancy； are born unapt for Society。 Many also （perhaps most men） either through defect of minde； or want of education remain unfit during