the doors open at 6； you walk in； they tell you what the work is； and that if you fail to do it； you will be liable to imprisonment。 Then you bathe。 Some places the water is dirty。 Three persons as a rule wash in one water。 At Whitechapel （been there three times） it has always been dirty； also at St。 George's。 I had no bath at Mile End； they were short of water。 If you complain they take no notice。 You then tie your clothes in a bundle； and they give you a nightshirt。 At most places they serve supper to the men； who have to go to bed and eat it there。 Some beds are in cells； some in large rooms。 You get up at 6 a。m。 and do the task。 The amount of stone…breaking is too much； and the oakum…picking is also heavy。 The food differs。 At St。 Giles； the gruel left over…night is boiled up for breakfast； and is consequently sour； the bread is puffy； full of holes； and don't weigh the regulation amount。 Dinner is only 8 ounces of bread and 1 1/2 ounce of cheese； and its that's short； how can anybody do their work？ They will give you water to drink if you ring the cell bell for it； that is； they will tell you to wait； and bring it in about half an hour。 There are a good lot of 〃moochers〃 go to Casual Wards； but there are large numbers of men who only want work。
J。D。； age 25； Londoner； can't get work； tried hard； been refused work several times on account of having no settled residence； looks suspicious； they think； to have 〃no home。〃 Seems a decent； willing man。 Had two penny…worth of soup this morning； which has lasted all day。 Earned 1s。 6d。 yesterday； bill distributing； nothing the day before。 Been in good many London Casual Wards。 Thinks they are no good； because they keep him all day； when he might be seeking work。 Don't want shelter in day time； wants work。 If he goes in twice in a month to the same Casual Ward； they detain him four days。 Considers the food decidedly insufficient to do the required amount of work。 If the work is not done to time； you are liable to 21 days' imprisonment。 Get badly treated some places； especially where there is a bullying superintendent。 Has done 21 days for absolutely refusing to do the work on such low diet； when unfit。 Can't get justice； doctor always sides with superintendent。
J。 S。； odd jobber。 Is working at board carrying； when he can get it。 There's quite a rush for it at 1s。 2d。 a day。 Carried a couple of parcels yesterday； got 5d。 for them； also had a bit of bread and meat given him by a working man； so altogether had an excellent day。 Sometimes goes all day without food； and plenty more do the same。 Sleeps on Embankment； and now and then in Casual Ward。 Latter is clean and comfortable enough； but they keep you in all day； that means no chance of getting work。 Was a clerk once； but got out of a job； and couldn't get another； there are so many clerks。
〃A Tramp〃 says： 〃I've been in most Casual Wards in London； was in the one in Macklin Street； Drury Lane； last week。 They keep you two nights and a day； and more than that if they recognise you。 You have to break 10 cwt。 of stone； or pick four pounds of oakum。 Both are hard。 About thirty a night go to Macklin Street。 The food is 1 pint gruel and 6 oz。 bread for breakfast； 8 oz。 bread and 1 1/2 oz。 cheese for dinner； tea same as breakfast。 No supper。 It is not enough to do the work on。 Then you are obliged to bathe； of course； sometimes three will bathe in one water； and if you complain they turn nasty； and ask if you are come to a palace。 Mitcham Workhouse I've been in； grub is good； 1 1/2 pint gruel and 8 oz。 bread for breakfast； and same for supper。
F。K。 W。； baker。 Been board…carrying to…day； earned one shilling； Hours 9 till 5。 I've been on this kind of life six years。 Used to work in a bakery； but had congestion of the brain； and couldn't stand the heat。 I've been in about every Casual Ward in England。 They treat men too harshly。 Have to work very hard； too。 Has had to work whilst really unfit。 At Peckham （known as Camberwell） Union； was quite unable to do it through weakness； and appealed to the doctor； who； taking the part of the other officials； as usual； refused to allow him to forego the work。 Cheeked the doctor； telling him he didn't understand his work； result； got three days' imprisonment。 Before going to a Casual Ward at all； I spent seven consecutive nights on the Embankment； and at last went to the Ward。
The result of the deliberate policy of making the night refuge for the unemployed labourer as disagreeable as possible； and of placing as many obstacles as possible in the way of his finding work the following day； is； no doubt； to minimise the number of Casuals； and without question succeeds。 In the whole of London the number of Casuals in the wards at night is only 1；136。 That is to say； the conditions which are imposed are so severe； that the majority of the Out…of…Works prefer to sleep in the open air； taking their chance of the inclemency and mutability of our English weather； rather than go through the experience of the Casual Ward。
It seems to me that such a mode of coping with distress does not so much meet the difficulty as evade it。 It is obvious that an apparatus； which only provides for 1；136 persons per night； is utterly unable to deal with the numbers of the homeless Out…of…Works。 But if by some miracle we could use the Casual Wards as a means of providing for all those who are seeking work from day to day； without a place in which to lay their heads； save the kerbstone of the pavement or the back of a seat on the Embankment； they would utterly fail to have any appreciable effect upon the mass of human misery with which we have to deal。 For this reason； the administration of the Casual Wards is mechanical； perfunctory； and formal。 Each of the Casuals is to the Officer in Charge merely one Casual the more。 There is no attempt whatever to do more than provide for them merely the indispensable requisites of existence。 There has never been any attempt to treat them as human beings； to deal with them as individuals； to appeal to their hearts； to help them on their legs again。 They are simply units； no more thought of and cared for than if they were so many coffee beans passing through a coffee mill； and as the net result of all my experience and observation of men and things； I must assert unhesitatingly that anything which dehumanises the individual； anything which treats a man as if he were only a number of a series or a cog in a wheel； without any regard to the character； the aspirations； the temptations； and the idiosyncrasies of the man； must utterly fail as a remedial agency。 The Casual Ward； at the best； is merely a squalid resting place for the Casual in his downward career。 It anything is to be done for these men； it must be done by other agents than those which prevail in the administration of the Poor Laws。
The second method in which Society endeavours to do its duty to the lapsed masses is by the miscellaneous and heterogeneous efforts which are clubbed together under the generic head of Charity。 Far be it from me to say one word in disparagement of any effort that is prompted by a sincere desire to alleviate the misery of our fellow creatures； but the most charitable are those who most deplore the utter failure which has； up till now； attended all their efforts to do more than temporarily alleviate pain； or effect an occasional improvement in the condition of individuals。
There are many institutions； very excellent in their way； without which it is difficult to see how society could get on at all； but when they have done their best there still remains this great and appalling mass of human misery on our hands； a perfect quagmire of Human Sludge。 They may ladle out individuals here and there； but to drain the whole bog is an effort which seems to be beyond the imagination of most of those who spend their lives in philanthropic work。 It is no doubt better than nothing to take the individual and feed him from day to day； to bandage up his wounds and heal his diseases； but you may go on doing that for ever； if you do not do more than that； and the worst of it is that all authorities agree that if you only do that you will probably increase the evil with which you are attempting to deal； and that you had much better let the whole thing alone。
There is at present no attempt at Concerted Action。 Each one deals with the case immediately before him； and the result is what might be expected； there is a great expenditure； but the gains are； alas！ very small。 The fact； however； that so much is subscribed for the temporary relief and the mere alleviation of distress justifies my confidence that if a Practical Scheme of dealing with this misery in a permanent； comprehensive fashion be discovered； there will be no lack of the sinews of war。 It is well； no doubt； sometimes to administer an anaesthetic； but the Cure of the Patient is worth ever so much more； and the latter is the object which we must constantly set before us in approaching this problem。
The third method by which Society professes to attempt the reclamation of the lost is by the rough； rude surgery of the Gaol。 Upon this a whole treatise might be written； but when it was finished it would be nothing more than a demonstration that our Prison system has practically missed aiming at that which should be the first essential of every system of punishment。 It is not Reformatory； it is not worked as if it were intended to be Reformatory。 It is punitive； and only punitive。 The whole administration needs to be reformed from top to bottom in accordance with this fundamental principle； viz。； that while every prisoner should be subjected to that measure of punishment which shall mark a due sense of his crime both to himself and society； the main object should be to rouse in his mind the desire to lead an honest life； and to effect that change in his disposition and character which will send him forth to put that desire into practice。 At present； every Prison is more or less a Training School for Crime； an introduction to the society of criminals； the petrifaction of any lingering human feeling and a very Bastille of Despair。 The prison brand is stamped upon those who go in； and that so deeply； tha