《英语复习指南》

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英语复习指南- 第16部分


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    【分析】It gives high rewards to individuals who (连词who引导限制性定语从句,修饰individuals) perform important tasks such as surgery; makes (为主语it的第二个谓语动词) heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war; and uses (为主语it的第三个谓语动词) the legal and penal system to make people afraid (形容词afraid作为后置定语修饰中心词people) to engage in antisocial acts。 (47 words)    
    26。【译文】这片位于协和广场以西的广阔区域原是片沼泽地。经过填筑后,于1667年被建成一条宽敞的大街,名叫“林荫大道”。大街从杜伊勒利公园起始延伸至戴高乐广场,起点标志是马尔利战马。从这里延至大街的“圆点”(圆形大喷池所在)有一公园依傍在大街一侧。在第二帝国时期,这里是全巴黎最时髦的聚会地方和上流社会的居住区。如今,香榭丽舍大街不再拥有曾有的贵族风格,但其妩媚和优雅不逊于当年。豪华商店、剧院、著名餐馆和大的航空公司办事处林立大街两侧。两侧宽阔的人行道上挤满了巴黎人、观光者和来自世界各地的人们。(注意line一词在句中作动词使用,不要造成理解的错误。)    
    【分析】Today it may no longer have its onetime aristocratic character; but it has lost nothing of its beauty and elegance; luxurious shops; theatres; famous restaurants and important airline offices line (注意line为动词使用,作谓语) its wide footpaths; which (连词which为非限制性定语从句,前置词为footpaths) are always full of Parisians; tourists and a cosmopolitan throng。 (44 words)    
    27。【译文】诚然,我们会关注事物的长度、形状、尺寸或构成,但一个物体的物质方面比起它带给我们的感受或能够带给我们的感受来说,要无足轻重得多——比如伤害我们,让我们觉得惊奇,使我们生气或让我们愉悦。我们使用的分类方法要受家庭情感、地区情感和整个社会的情感的影响。与事物的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感,即认为某些事情或行为是“好的”,其他事情是“坏的”。我们把“好”和“坏”的分类推而广之,运用于社会生活的各个方面——从我们吃的、穿的到怎样守信以及与什么人为伍。(注意倒装结构的识别和翻译。)    
    【分析】Out of (从out of至objects and events为介词短语) our emotional experiences with objects and events comes (comes为谓语动词,主语是a social feeling。本分句为全部倒装结构) a social feeling of agreement that (连词that引导feeling of agreement的同位语) certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”; and (连词and连接另外一个并列分句) we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—(从破折号之后至句末,为同位语结构,解释every aspect of our social life的具体内容) from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept。 (60 words)    
    28。【译文】因为世界气候变化来得太快,各式天然生态系统——沼泽、雨林和草原——可能无法适应。动植物经长期演化,可以在某种气候状态下生存,突然之间要面对不同的气候状态,所以有许多会灭绝。致命疾病大流行的机率也会增加。水温升高,有利于像霍乱菌等病菌的繁殖。像埃及斑蚊这种病媒可能在北欧、美国这种地方生存良好,所以像疟疾之类的疾病会更普遍。(注意对代词指代的判断。)    
    【分析】And the potential for deadly disease outbreaks will rise: (冒号之后的内容作为前面内容的解释) warming waters will be more hospitable to germs like those that cause cholera; disease carriers such as the Aedes aegypti mosquito may find (此处省略了that连词,作find的宾语从句) they (代词they指代disease carriers) can survive nicely in places like northern Europe and the U。S。; making (现在分词结构充当状语) illnesses such as malaria more widespread。 (51 words)    
    29。【译文】重要的是,当说话者想再次与听众进行目光交流时,听众恰在此刻要注视着说话者。否则,说话者会以为听众对自己不感兴趣,因此他要么会停顿一下,直到目光重新接触时再交流,要么就会结束谈话。当谈话双方戴上墨镜时,就可以清楚地看出双方目光接触对交流顺利进行的重要性: 一旦交谈双方戴上墨镜,谈话就会出现语塞、抢话、甚至意想不到的冷场情况。(注意对主语从句的判断,冒号的使用。)    
    【分析】Just how (how引导主语从句) critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes (becomes为谓语动词,主语为主语从句) evident when (连词when引导时间状语从句) two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by (介词by引出原因状语) interruption; false starts; and unpredictable pauses。 (40 words)    
    30。【译文】好消息是:这幅悲暗的景象也许能刺激各国政府认真采取行动。IPCC成员,也是加州的国际永续能源计划负责人克劳斯表示,首先着手的是“不必后悔”的行动——即不论全球温度上升最终造成的威胁有多大,做些变革总会有好处。例如提倡使用能源效益的器具与车辆。(注意本句的插入语结构,造成主谓的分隔。)    
    【分析】The first line of attack; (中心词line为句子的主语) says Florentin Krause; an IPCC contributor and director of the Californiabased International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths; should be (should be为line的谓语) “no regrets” actions — changes (changes与前面的actions构成同位语) that (连词that引导限制性定语从句,前置词为changes) will be beneficial no matter how (连词no matter how引导让步状语从句) much of a threat global warming turns out to be。 (46 words)    
    31。【译文】任何一个人只要对杂货店和超市货品架观察一下,肯定会认识到,所有可能大小和形状的盒子、罐头、瓶子和罐头都在同一时期内使用,而根据包装杂志所显示的,每周都会推出新尺寸和新形状的盒子和瓶子,这样可以使产品有所差别。生产包装产品的厂商强烈反对在改变了的包装内装上原有分量的商品,但他们绝不反对为了扩大产品的市场优势,用于不断改变包装的尺寸、材料、形状、工艺和净重的大笔花销。(注意本句中大量出现的后置定语。)    
    【分析】The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes; but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred (过去分词incurred作定语,其后by引出原因) by endless changes of package sizes; materials; shape; art work; and net weights that (连词that引导限制性定语从句,前置中心词为changes) are used for improving a product’s market position。 (53 words)    
    32。【译文】没人会乐意接受把克隆孩童解冻来摘取器官的想法。可是《人体商店》的作者金柏瑞尔说,过去几年来估计有50到100对夫妇为了让现有的小孩得到人体组织而再生小孩。此外,第三世界国家的肾脏、眼睛等早就有活跃的市场。自己去养来用,比起劫掠穷人的身体,难道会更恶劣吗?或者我们只是为了好玩来复制吧。电影的精彩片段看不过瘾可以倒带回来重看。那么,到小宝宝长得满脸疙瘩,讨人嫌的时候,不妨换个小宝宝重来一次吧?早晚的事,试管婴儿族会把“瞬间重播”视为他们的人权。(注意翻译中出现的否定句。区分部分否定、完全否定、双重否定或者转移否定。)    
    【分析】No one much likes the idea of (介词of连接同位语结构) thawing out one of the clone kids to harvest its organs; but according to Andrew Kimbrell; author (author与Andrew为同位语) of The Human Body Shop; in the past few years an estimated 50 to 100 couples have produced babies to provide tissue for an existing child。 (50 words)    
    33。【译文】所有人对世界的看法都会受到外界的影响。人们的看法会受到习俗、观念和各种思维定式的影响。John Dewey曾经十分认真地说过,风俗习惯对个人行为的影响与个人对传统习惯的影响之比,正如一个人的母语词汇总量与他儿时从家庭用语中学会的儿童用语之比。当我们认真研究有机会独立发展的社会制度时,这比喻就成了不能再贴切、实事求是的言论了。(考试时,注意在句意难以理解的时候,通过上下文分析作者所要表达的含义是什么。要求翻译的句子在原文中的作用,是属于论点或者是论据。划线句的作用为论据。)    
    【分析】John Dewey has said in all seriousness that (连词that引导said的宾语从句) the part (the part为主语) played (过去分词played为后置定语,修饰the part) by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which (连词which引导限制性定语从句,修饰前置词any way) he can affect traditional custom; is (is为谓语动词,其主语为the part) as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that (连词that引导限制性定语从句,前置词为those words) are taken up into the language of his family。 ( 63 words)    
    34。【译文】还需指出的是:1996JA1绝非独一无二的。在附近的太空中到处都是所谓的“近地体”(NEO),也就是小行星与彗星,其轨道和地球环绕太阳的轨道有接近之处。已经有100多个庞大的近地体大小(直径1公里以上),足以造成像从前让恐龙灭绝的那种世界大灾难。加州帕萨迪那市喷气推进实验室的天文学家海琳则指出,估计另外还有2000个像座小山大小的庞然巨物。它们可能潜伏在太空中尚未探测出来。至于有些体积较小、但仍有巨石的规模、很令人担心的物体,就更不用提了,有几十万个。(翻译中注意专有名词的翻译问题,可以参见本书的“译音词表”。此外,注意某些专业词汇的准确含义的表达。)    
    【分析】More than 100 NEOs big (后置定语) enough to cause the kind of worldwide disaster that (定语从句) wiped out the dinosaurs (a kilometer across or larger) have already been identified and charted (谓语动词部分); but Eleanor Helin; an astronomer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena; California; notes that (引出宾语从句) an estimated 2000 more of these mountainsize bulks may be lurking undetected out there; to say nothing of (不定式充当状语) a few hundred thousand smaller but still worrisome bouldersize objects。 (72 words)    
    35。【译文】挑战者号失事和切尔诺贝利核电站事故使人们认清了技术具有人的特点这一点。这两个意外事件使原本设计严密的系统突然失去控制,变得杂乱无章,且毫无及时应付的方法。由于技术是一项人类的发明创造,我们必须为利用技术做过的事情负责。悲观主义者担心人类的技术最终会把这个世界及整个人类炸成碎片。(翻译时注意对短语搭配或者成语使用的识别。思考时注意认真分析。如:drive home作“使……被认识”解,go haywire意为“出差错”,和set right意为“使……得到纠正”等。)    
    【分析】The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home (drive home为搭配,作为谓语部分) the human quality of technology; they provide cases in which (连词which引出限制性的定语从句) wellplanned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them (代词them与they所指代的内容一样,前文的两个事故) right。 (41 words)    
    36。【译文】在悉尼发现的这种HIV品种引起科学家高度的兴趣,因为一个基因严重异常。一般认为这是刺激病毒去复制自我的基因。这种病毒在这个叫做“否因”(代表否定因素)的基因中大部分残缺不全,很难想像这个基因能产生什么作用。果然,这种悉尼病毒虽然有能力感染T细胞(免疫系统对抗感染时最关键的白血球细胞),可是复制的能力最差,连最强大的分子工具也很难侦测到它的存在。(英语句型结构中,使用较为复杂的词汇是as。此外that的用法也必须注意,that可以作为副词、代词、关系代词,注意分析。)    
    【分析】And sure enough; while (连词while在此引出某种对比的逻辑关系) the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells —— white blood cells (与前面的c
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