not looking； the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation。 Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses： there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption； false starts； and unpredictable pauses。
30。 The good news is that this gloomy scenario may galvanize the world’s governments into taking serious action。 The first line of attack； says Florentin Krause； an IPCC contributor and director of the California —— based International Project for Sustainable Energy Paths； should be “no regrets” actions —— changes that will be beneficial no matter how much of a threat global warming turns out to be。 Among them： promoting the use of energy efficient appliances and cars。
31。 A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible sizes and shapes of boxes； jars； bottles； and tins are in use at the same time； and； as the package journals show； week by week； there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation。 The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes； but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes； materials； shape； art work； and net weights that are used for improving a product’s market position。
32。 No one much likes the idea of thawing out one of the clone kids to harvest its organs； but according to Andrew Kimbrell； author of The Human Body Shop； in the past few years an estimated 50 to 100 couples have produced babies to provide tissue for an existing child。 Plus there is already a thriving market in Third World kidneys and eyes。 Is growing your own really so much worse than plundering the bodies of the poor？ Or maybe we’ll just clone for the fun of it。 If you like a movie scene； you can rewind the tape； so when Junior II？ Sooner or later； among the invitro class； instant replay will be considered a human right。
33。 No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes。 He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking。 John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom； is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family。 When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently； the figure becomes no more than an exact and matteroffact observation。
34。 It is also worth pointing out that 1996 JA1 is hardly unique。 Neighboring space teems with many more socalled Near Earth Objects； asteroids and comets with orbits that pass close to Earth’s path around the sun。 More than 100 NEOs big enough to cause the kind of worldwide disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs （a kilometer across or larger） have already been identified and charted； but Eleanor Helin； an astronomer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena； California； notes that an estimated 2000 more of these mountainsize bulks may be lurking undetected out there； to say nothing of a few hundred thousand smaller but still worrisome bouldersize objects。
35。 The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology； they provide cases in which wellplanned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right。 Since technology is a human creation； we are responsible for what is done with it。 Pessimists worry that we will use our technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves to pieces。
36。 The strain of HIV that popped up in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral replication。 In fact； the virus is missing so much of this particular geneknown as nef； for negative factor —— that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function。 And sure enough； while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells —— white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward off infection —— it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence。
37。 If the detective has to deceive the world； the world often deceives him。 Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth。 And this separation the detective feel； between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness —— as he sees it —— of citizens； social workers； doctors； lawmakers； and judges； who； instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform。 The result； detectives feels is that ninetenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars。 This makes them rather cynical。
38。 But we are forgetting something。 Welfare is a program for poor people； very poor people。 African Americans are three times as likely as whites to fall below the poverty level and hence to have a chance of qualifying for welfare benefits。 If we look at the kind of persons most likely to be eligible —— single mothers living in poverty with children under 18 to support —— we find little difference in welfare participation by race： 74。6％ of African Americans in such dire straits are on welfare； compared with 64。5％ of the poor white single moms。
39。 That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth。 Judging by the past； we can expect that a new species will arise out of man； surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor； only a carbonchemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man’s fleshandblood descendants。 The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon。
40。 Getting to know someone is a neverending task； largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise。 You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him。 If we accept the idea that we won’t very fully know another person； it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions。 It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior。 Ironically； those things that keep us from knowing another person too well （e。g。 secrets and deceptions） may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person （e。g。 disclosures and truthful statements）。
二、高级英译汉试题练习4篇
Text 1
The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer 。It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations； with time； it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed。
1。The underlying assumption in“technology transfer” is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries。 Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test； it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa SouthEast Asian and Latin America； irrespective of its possible in developing areas such as Africa； SouthEast Asian and Latin America； irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere。2。The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management。 It is my contention that“technology transfer” as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed。
The fundamental flaw is that“technology transfer” is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies； the developing countries。 3。Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant； the philosophy upon which“technology transfer” is based； beginning with training and ending with application； is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science； which select the questions found to be meaningful； dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained。
Clearly； technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries。 It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries； perhaps even serving to slow progress。
4。This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called“basic knowledge transfer” as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries。 This approach contains the following features：
● Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science； that is； at the region of highintensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge； the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied。
● Scientists in the developing countries； in active dialog with other elements such as government； community and industry； can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation。
● 5。The problem of internal“technology transfer” will require for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists； means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or