the life of thomas telford- 第16部分

the　Great　North　Road　between　London　and　York；　and　it　authorised　the

new　　toll…bars　to　be　erected　at　Wade's　Mill　in　Hertfordshire；　at

Caxton　in　Cambridgeshire；　and　at　Stilton　in　Huntingdonshire。*＇9＇

The　Act　was　not　followed　by　any　others　for　a　quarter　of　a　century；

and　even　after　that　lapse　of　time　such　Acts　as　were　passed　of　a

similar　character　were　very　few　and　far　between。



For　nearly　a　century　more；　travellers　from　Edinburgh　to　London　met

with　no　turnpikes　until　within　about　110　miles　of　the　metropolis。

North　of　that　point　there　was　only　a　narrow　causeway　fit　for

pack…horses；　flanked　with　clay　sloughs　on　either　side。　　It　is；

however；　stated　that　the　Duke　of　Cumberland　and　the　Earl　of

Albemarle；　when　on　their　way　to　Scotland　in　pursuit　of　the　rebels

in　1746；　did　contrive　to　reach　Durham　in　a　coach　and　six；　but　there

the　roads　were　found　so　wretched；　that　they　were　under　the

necessity　of　taking　to　horse；　and　Mr。　George　Bowes；　the　county

member；　made　His　Royal　Highness　a　present　of　his　nag　to　enable　him

to　proceed　on　his　journey。　The　roads　west　of　Newcastle　were　so　bad；

that　in　the　previous　year　the　royal　forces　under　General　Wade；

which　left　Newcastle　for　Carlisle　to　intercept　the　Pretender　and

his　army；　halted　the　first　night　at　Ovingham；　and　the　second　at

Hexham；　being　able　to　travel　only　twenty　miles　in　two　days。*＇10＇



The　rebellion　of　1745　gave　a　great　impulse　to　the　construction　of

roads　for　military　as　well　as　civil　purposes。　　The　nimble

Highlanders；　without　baggage　or　waggons；　had　been　able　to　cross　the

border　and　penetrate　almost　to　the　centre　of　England　before　any

definite　knowledge　of　their　proceedings　had　reached　the　rest　of　the

kingdom。　　In　the　metropolis　itself　little　information　could　be

obtained　of　the　movements　of　the　rebel　army　for　several　days　after

they　had　left　Edinburgh。　　Light　of　foot；　they　outstripped　the

cavalry　and　artillery　of　the　royal　army；　which　were　delayed　at　all

points　by　impassable　roads。　　No　sooner；　however；　was　the　rebellion

put　down；　than　Government　directed　its　attention　to　the　best　means

of　securing　the　permanent　subordination　of　the　Highlands；　and　with

this　object　the　construction　of　good　highways　was　declared　to　be

indispensable。　The　expediency　of　opening　up　the　communication

between　the　capital　and　the　principal　towns　of　Scotland　was　also

generally　admitted；　and　from　that　time；　though　slowly；　the

construction　of　the　main　high　routes　between　north　and　south　made

steady　progress。



The　extension　of　the　turnpike　system；　however；　encountered　violent

opposition　from　the　people；　being　regarded　as　a　grievous　tax　upon

their　freedom　of　movement　from　place　to　place。　　Armed　bodies　of　men

assembled　to　destroy　the　turnpikes；　and　they　burnt　down　the

toll…houses　and　blew　up　the　posts　with　gunpowder。　　The　resistance

was　the　greatest　in　Yorkshire；　along　the　line　of　the　Great　North

Road　towards　Scotland；　though　riots　also　took　place　in

Somersetshire　and　Gloucestershire；　and　even　in　the　immediate

neighbourhood　of　London。　One　fine　May　morning；　at　Selby；　in

Yorkshire；　the　public　bellman　summoned　the　inhabitants　to　assemble

with　their　hatchets　and　axes　that　night　at　midnight；　and　cut　down

the　turnpikes　erected　by　Act　of　Parliament；　nor　were　they　slow　to

act　upon　his　summons。　　Soldiers　were　then　sent　into　the　district　to

protect　the　toll…bars　and　the　toll…takers；　but　this　was　a　difficult

matter；　for　the　toll…gates　were　numerous；　and　wherever　a　〃pike〃　was

left　unprotected　at　night；　it　was　found　destroyed　in　the　morning。

The　Yeadon　and　Otley　mobs；　near　Leeds；　were　especially　violent。　On

the　18th　of　June；　1753；　they　made　quite　a　raid　upon　the　turnpikes；

burning　or　destroying　about　a　dozen　in　one　week。　　A　score　of　the

rioters　were　apprehended；　and　while　on　their　way　to　York　Castle　a

rescue　was　attempted；　when　the　soldiers　were　under　the　necessity　of

firing；　and　many　persons　were　killed　and　wounded。　　The　prejudices

entertained　against　the　turnpikes　were　so　strong；　that　in　some

places　the　country　people　would　not　even　use　the　improved　roads

after　they　were　made。*＇11＇　　For　instance；　the　driver　of　the

Marlborough　coach　obstinately　refused　to　use　the　New　Bath　road；　but

stuck　to　the　old　waggon…track；　called　〃Ramsbury。〃　　He　was　an　old

man；　he　said：　his　grandfather　and　father　had　driven　the　aforesaid

way　before　him；　and　he　would　continue　in　the　old　track　till

death。*＇12＇　　Petitions　were　also　presented　to　Parliament　against

the　extension　of　turnpikes；　but　the　opposition　represented　by　the

petitioners　was　of　a　much　less　honest　character　than　that　of　the

misguided　and　prejudiced　country　folks；　who　burnt　down　the

toll…houses。　It　was　principally　got　up　by　the　agriculturists　in　the

neighbourhood　of　the　metropolis；　who；　having　secured　the　advantages

which　the　turnpike…roads　first　constructed　had　conferred　upon　them；

desired　to　retain　a　monopoly　of　the　improved　means　of

communication。　They　alleged　that　if　turnpike…roads　were　extended

into　the　remoter　counties；　the　greater　cheapness　of　labour　there

would　enable　the　distant　farmers　to　sell　their　grass　and　corn

cheaper　in　the　London　market　than　themselves；　and　that　thus　they

would　be　ruined。*＇13＇



This　opposition；　however；　did　not　prevent　the　progress　of　turnpike

and　highway　legislation；　and　we　find　that；　from　l760　to　l774；　no

fewer　than　four　hundred　and　fifty…two　Acts　were　passed　for　making

and　repairing　highways。　　Nevertheless　the　roads　of　the　kingdom　long

continued　in　a　very　unsatisfactory　state；　chiefly　arising　from　the

extremely　imperfect　manner　in　which　they　were　made。



Road…making　as　a　profession　was　as　yet　unknown。　　Deviations　were

made　in　the　old　roads　to　make　them　more　easy　and　straight；　but　the

deep　ruts　were　merely　filled　up　with　any　materials　that　lay　nearest

at　hand；　and　stones　taken　from　the　quarry；　instead　of　being　broken

and　laid　on　carefully　to　a　proper　depth；　were　tumbled　down　and

roughly　spread；　the　country　road…maker　trusting　to　the　operation　of

cart…wheels　and　waggons　to　crush　them　into　a　proper　shape。　　Men　of

eminence　as　engineersand　there　were　very　few　such　at　the　time

considered　road…making　beneath　their　consideration；　and　it　was　even

thought　singular　that；　in　1768；　the　distinguished　Smeaton　should

have　condescended　to　make　a　road　across　the　valley　of　the　Trent；

between　Markham　and　Newark。



The　making　of　the　new　roads　was　thus　left　to　such　persons　as　might

choose　to　take　up　the　trade；　special　skill　not　being　thought　at　all

necessary　on　the　part　of　a　road…maker。　　It　is　only　in　this　way　that

we　can　account　for　the　remarkable　fact；　that　the　first　extensive

maker　of　roads　who　pursued　it　as　a　business；　was　not　an　engineer；

nor　even　a　mechanic；　but　a　Blind　Man；　bred　to　no　trade；　and

possessing　no　experience　whatever　in　the　arts　of　surveying　or

bridge…building；　yet　a　man　possessed　of　extraordinary　natural

gifts；　and　unquestionably　most　successful　as　a　road…maker。

We　allude　to　John　Metcalf；　commonly　known　as　〃Blind　Jack　of

Knaresborough；〃　to　whose　biography；　as　the　constructor　of　nearly

two　hundred　miles　of　capital　roadsas；　indeed；　the　first　great

English　road…makerwe　propose　to　devote　the　next　chapter。



Footnotes　for　Chapter　V。



*＇1＇　Lady　Luxborough；　in　a　letter　to　Shenstone　the　poet；　in　1749；

says；〃A　Birmingham　coach　is　newly　established　to　our　great

emolument。　Would　it　not　be　a　good　scheme　（this　dirty　weather；　when

riding　is　no　more　a　pleasure）　for　you　to　come　some　Monday　in　the

said　stage…coach　from　Birmingham　to　breakfast　at　Barrells；

（for　they　always　breakfast　at　Henley）；　and　on　the　Saturday　following

it　would　convey　you　back　to　Birmingham；　unless　you　would　stay　longer；

which　would　be　better　still；　and　equally　easy；　for　the　stage　goes

every　week　the　same　road。　It　breakfasts　at　Henley；　and　lies　at

Chipping　Horton；　goes　early　next　day　to　Oxford；　stays　there　all　day

and　night；　and　gets　on　the　third　day　to　London；　which　from

Birmingham　at　this　season　is　pretty　well；　considering　how　long　they

are　at　Oxford；　and　it　is　much　more　agreeable　as　to　the　country　than

the　Warwick　way　was。〃



*＇2＇　We　may　incidentally　mention　three　other　journeys　south　by

future　Lords　Chancellors。　　Mansfield　rode　up　from　Scotland　to

London　when　a　boy；　taking　two　months　to　make　the　journey　on　his　pony。

Wedderburn's　journey　by　coach　from　Edinburgh　to　London；　in　1757；

occupied　him　six　days。　　〃When　I　first　reached　London；〃　said

the　late　Lord　Campbell；　〃I　performed　the　same　journey　in　three

nights　and　two　days；　Mr。　Palmer's　mail…coaches　being　then

established；　but　this　swift　travelling　was　considered　dangerous　as

well　as　wonderful；　and　I　was　gravely　advised　to　stay　a　day　at　York；

as　several　passengers　who　had　gone　through　without　stopping　had

died　of　apoplexy　from　the　rapidity　of　the　motion！〃



*＇3＇　C。　H。　Moritz：　'Reise　eines　Deutschen　in　England　im　Jahre　1782。'

Berlin；　1783。



*＇4＇　Arthur　Young's　'Six　Weeks'　Tour　in　the　Southern　Counties　of

England　and　Wales；'　2nd　ed。；　1769；　pp。　88…9。



*＇5＇　'Six　Weeks　Tour'　in　the　Southern　Counties　of　England　and

Wales；'　pp。　153…5。　　The　roads　all　over　South　Wales　were　equally

bad　down　to　the　beginning　of　the　present　century。　　At　Halfway；　near

Trecastle；　in　Breconshire；　South　Wales；　a　small　obelisk　is　still　to

be　seen；　which　was　erected　to　commemorate　the　turn　over　and

destruction　of　the　mail　coach　over　a　steep　of　l30　feet；　the　driver

and　passengers　escaping　unhurt。



*＇6＇　'A　Six　Months'　Tour　through　the　North　of　England；'　vol。　iv。；

p。　431。



*＇7＇　Letter　to　Wyatt；　October　5th；　1787；　MS。



*＇8＇　Act　15　Car。　II。；　c。　1。



*＇9＇　The　preamble　of　the　Act　recites　that　〃The　ancient　highway　and

post…road　leading　from　London　to　York；　and　so　into　Scotland；　and

likewise　from　London　into　Lincolnshire；　lieth　for　many　miles　in　the

counties　of　Hertford；　Cambridge；　and　Huntingdon；　in　many　of　which

places　the　road；　by　reason　of　the　great　and　many　loads　which　are

weekly　drawn　in　waggons　throu