the life of thomas telford- 第1部分

The　Life　of　Thomas　Telford　by　Smiles



by　Samuel　Smiles










　　　〃Let　us　travel；　and　wherever　we　find　no　facility　for

　　　　travelling　from　a　city　to　a　town；　from　a　village　to　a

　　　　hamlet；　we　may　pronounce　the　people　to　be　barbarous〃

　　　　Abbe　Raynal



　　　〃The　opening　up　of　the　internal　communications　of　a

　　　　country　is　undoubtedly　the　first　and　most　important

　　　　element　of　its　growth　in　commerce　and　civilization〃

　　　　Richard　Cobden





CONTENTS



Preface



EARLY　ROADS　AND　MODES　OF　TRAVELLING



CHAPTER　I。　　Old　Roads



Roads　as　agents　of　civilization

Their　important　uses

Ancient　British　trackways　or　ridgeways

The　Romans　and　their　roads　in　Britain

Decay　of　the　Roman　roads

Early　legislation　relating　to　highways

Roads　near　London

The　Weald　of　Kent

Great　Western　roads

Hollow　ways　or　lanes

Roads　on　Dartmoor


in　Sussex

at　Kensington





CHAPTER　II。　　Early　Modes　of　Conveyance



Riding　on　horseback　the　ancient　mode　of　traveling

Shakespear's　description　of　travelling　in　'Henry　IV。'

Queen　Elizabeth　and　her　coach

Introduction　of　coaches　or　waggons

Painful　journeys　by　coach

Carriers　in　reign　of　James　I

Great　north　Road　in　reign　of　Charles　I

Mace's　description　of　roads　and　travellers　stage…coaches　introduced

Sobriere's　account　of　the　Dover　stage…coach

Thoresby's　account　of　stage…coaches　and　travelling

Roads　and　travelling　in　North　Wales

Proposal　to　suppres　stage…coaches

Tediousness　and　discomforts　of　travelling　by　coach

Pennant's　account　of　the　Chester　and　London　stage

Travelling　on　horseback　preferred

The　night　coach

Highway　robbers　and　foot…pads

Methods　of　transport　of　the　merchandize　pack…horse　convoys

Traffic　between　lancashire　and　Yorkshire

Signs　of　the　pack…horse





CHAPTER　III。　　Influence　of　Roads　on　Society



Restricted　intercourse　between　districts

Local　dialects　and　customs　thereby　preserved

Camden's　fear　of　travelling　into　the　barbarous　regions　of　the　North

Rev。　Mr　Brome's　travels　in　England

Old　Leisure

Imperfect　postal　communication

Hawkers　and　pedlars

Laying　in　stores　for　winter

Household　occupations

Great　fairs　of　ancient　times

Local　fairs

Fair　on　Dartmoor

Primitive　manners　of　Dartmoor　District





CHAPTER　IV。　　Roads　in　Scotland　last　centuary



Poverty　of　Scotland

Backwardness　of　agriculture

Idleness　of　the　people

Andrew　Flecher's　description　of　Scotland

Slavery　of　colliers　and　salters

Improvements　in　agriculture　opposed

Low　wages　of　the　labouring　population

State　of　the　Lothians　and　Ayrshire

Wretched　states　of　the　roads

Difficulty　of　communication　between　districts

Coach　started　between　Edinburgh　and　Glasgow

Carrier's　perils　between　Edinburgh　and　Selkirk

Dangers　of　travelling　in　Galloway

Lawlessness　of　the　Highlands

Picking　and　lifting　of　cattle

Ferocity　of　population　on　the　Highland　Border

Ancient　civilization　of　Scotland





CHAPTER　V。　　Travelling　in　England　last　century



Progress　made　in　travelling　by　coach

Fast　coaches　established

Bad　state　of　the　roads

Foreigners'　accounts　of　travelling　in　England

Herr　Moritz's　journey　by　the　basket　coach

Arthur　Young's　description　of　English　roads

Palmer's　mail　coaches　introduced

The　first　'Turnpike'　roads

Turnpike　riots

The　　rebellion　of　1745

Passing　of　numerous　highway　Acts

Road…making　thought　beneath　the　dignity　of　the　engineer





CHAPTER　VI。　　John　Metcalf；　road…maker。



Metcalf's　boyhood

His　blindness

His　boldness

Becomes　a　Musician

His　travels

Journey　on　foot　from　London　to　Harrogate

Joins　the　army　as　musician　in　the　rebellion　of　1745

Adventures　in　Scotland

Becomes　travelling　merchant　and　horse　dealer

Begins　road…making

Builds　a　bridge

His　extensive　road　contracts　in　Yorkshire　and　Lancashire

Manner　of　aking　his　surveys

His　skill　in　road…making

His　last　roadhis　death

Roads　in　the　south　of　England

Want　of　roads　on　Lincoln　Heath

Land　lighthouses

Dunstan　pillar

Rapid　improvement　in　the　roads

Application　of　steam

Sydney　Smith　on　improved　facilities　of　communication





THE　LIFE　OF　THOMAS　TELFORD





CHAPTER　I。　　Eskdale。



Eskdale

Langholm

Former　lawlessness　of　the　Border　population

Jonnie　armstrong

Border　energy

Westerkirk

Telford's　birthplace

Glendinning

Valley　of　the　Meggat

The　'unblameable　shepherd'

Telford's　mother

Early　years

Laughing　Tam

Put　to　school

His　school…fellows





CHAPTER　II。　　LangholmTelford　a　Stonemason



Telford　apprenticed　to　a　stonemason

Runs　away

Re…apprenticed　to　a　mason　at　Langholm

Building　operations　in　the　district

Miss　Pasley　lends　books　to　young　Telford

Attempt　to　write　poetry

Becomes　village　letter…writer

Works　as　a　journeyman　mason

Employed　on　Langholm　Bridge

Manse　of　Westerkirk

Poem　of　'Eskdale'

Hews　headstones　and　doorheads

Works　as　a　mason　at　Edinburgh

Study　of　architecture

Revisits　Eskdale

His　ride　to　London





CHAPTER　III。　　Arrives　in　London



Telford　a　working　man　in　London

Obtains　employment　as　a　mason　at

Somerset　House

Correspondence　with　Eskdale　friends

Observations　on　his　fellow…workman

Propses　to　begin　business；　but　wants　money

Mr。　Pulteney

Becomes　foreman　of　builders　at　Portsmouth　Dockyard

Continues　to　write　poetry

Employment　of　his　time

Prints　letters　to　his　mother





CHAPTER　IV。　　Becomes　Surveyor　for　the　County　of　Salop



Superintends　repairs　of　Shrewsbury　Castle

Appointed　Surveyor　for　County　of　Salop

Superintends　erection　of　new　gaol

Interview　with　John　Howard

His　studies　in　science　and　literature

Poetical　exercises

Fall　of　St。　Chad's　Church；　Shrewsburg

Discovery　of　the　Roman　city　of　Uriconium

Overseer　of　felons

Mrs。　Jordan　at　Shrewsbury

Telford's　indifference　to　music

Politics；　Paine's　'Rights　of　Man'

Reprints　his　poem　of　'Eskdale'





CHAPTER　V。　　Telford's　First　Employment　as　an　Engineer



Advantages　of　mechanical　training　to　an　engineer

Erects　Montford　Bridge

Erects　St。　Mary　Magdalen　Church；　Bridgenorth

Telford's　design

Architectural　tour

Bath

Studies　in　British　Museum

Oxford

Birmingham

Study　of　architecture

Appointed　Engineer　to　the　Ellesmere　Canal





CHAPTER　VI。　　The　Ellesmere　Canal



Course　of　the　Ellesmire　Canal

Success　of　the　early　canals

The　Act　obtained　and　working　survey　made

Chirk　Aqueduct

Pont…Cysylltau　Aqueduct；

Telford's　hollow　walls

His　cast　iron　trough　at　Pont…Cysylltau

The　canal　works　completed

Revists　Eskdale

Early　impressions　corrected

Tours　in　Wales

Conduct　of　Ellesmere　Canal　navigation

His　literary　studies　and　compositions





CHAPTER　VII。　　Iron　and　other　Bridges



Use　of　iron　in　bridge…building

Design　of　a　Lyons　architect

First　iron　bridge　erected　at　Coalbrookdale

Tom　paine's　iron　bridge

Wear　iron　bridge；　Sunderland

Telford's　iron　bridge　at　Buildwas

His　iron　lock…gates　and　turn…bridges

Projects　a　one…arched　bridge　of　iron　over　the　Thames

Bewdley　stone　bridge

Tougueland　Bridge

Extension　of　Telford's　engineering　buisness

Literary　friendships

Thomas　Campbell

Miscellaneous　reading





CHAPTER　VIII。　　Higland　Roads　and　Bridges



Progress　of　Scotch　agriculture

Romilly's　account

State　of　the　Highlands

Want　of　roads

Use　of　the　Cas…chrom

Emigration

Telford's　survey　of　Scotland

Lord　Cockburn's　account　of　the　difficulties　of　travelling

the　North　Circuit

Parliamentary　Commission　of　Highland　Roads　and　Bridges　appointed

Dunkeld　Bridge　built

920　miles　of　new　roads　constucted

Craigellachie　Bridge

Travelling　facilitated

Agriculture　improved

Moral　results　of　Telford's　Highland　contracts

Rapid　progress　of　the　Lowlands

Results　of　parish　schools





CHAPTER　IX。　　Telford's　Scotch　Harbours



Highland　harbours

Wick　and　Pulteney　Town

Columnar　pier　work

Peterhead　Harbour

Frazerburgh　Harbour

Bannf　Harbour

Old　history　of　Aberdeen；　its　witch…burning　and　slave…trading

Improvements　of　its　harbour

Telford's　design　carried　out

Dundee　Harbour





CHAPTER　X。　　Caledonian　and　other　Canals



Canal　projected　through　the　Great　Glen　of　the　Highlands

Survey　by　James　Watt

Survey　by　Telford

Tide…basin　at　Corpach

Neptune's　Staircase

Dock　at　Clachnaharry

The　chain　of　lochs

Construction　of　the　works

Commercial　failure　of　the　canal

Telford's　disappointment

Glasgow　and　Ardrossan　Canal

Weaver　Navigation

Gotha　Canal；　Sweden

Gloucester　and　Berkeley；　and　other　canals

Harecastle　Tunnel

Birmingham　Canal

Macclesfield　Canal

Birmingham　and　Liverpool　Junction　Canal

Telford's　pride　in　his　canals





CHAPTER　XI。　　Telford　as　a　road…maker



Increase　of　road…traffic

Improvement　of　the　main　routes　between　the　principal　towns

Carlisle　and　Glasgow　road

Telford's　principles　of　road…construction

Macadam

Cartland　Crags　Bridge

Improvement　of　the　London　and　Edinburgh　post　road

Communications　with　Ireland

Wretched　state　of　the　Welsh　roads

Telford's　survey　of　the　Shrewsbury　and　Holyhead　road

Its　construction

Roads　and　railways

London　and　Shrewsbury　post　road

Roads　near　London

Coast　road；　North　Wales





CHAPTER　XII。　　The　Menai　and　Conway　Bridges



Bridges　projected　over　the　Menai　Straits

Telford's　designs

Ingenious　plan　of　suspended　centering

Design　of　a　suspension　bridge　over　the　Mersey　at　Runcorn

Design　of　suspension　bridge　at　Menai

The　works　begun

The　main　piers

The　suspension　chains

Hoisting　of　the　first　main　chain

Progress　of　the　works　to　completion

The　bridge　formally　opened

Conway　Suspension　Bridge





CHAPTER　XIII。　　Docks；　Drainage；　and　Bridges



Resume　of　English　engineering

General　increase　in　trade　and　poulation

The　Thames

St。　Katherine's　Docks

Tewkesburg　Bridge

Gloucester　Bridge

Dean　Bridge；　Edinburgh

Glasgow　Bridge

Telford's　works　of　drainage　in　the　Fen