e Romanesque zone*； the Gothic zone； the zone of the Renaissance； which we would gladly call the Greco…Roman zone。 The Roman layer； which is the most ancient and deepest； is occupied by the round arch； which reappears； supported by the Greek column； in the modern and upper layer of the Renaissance。 The pointed arch is found between the two。 The edifices which belong exclusively to any one of these three layers are perfectly distinct； uniform； and complete。 There is the Abbey of Jumiéges； there is the Cathedral of Reims； there is the Sainte…Croix of Orleans。 But the three zones mingle and amalgamate along the edges； like the colors in the solar spectrum。 Hence； complex monuments； edifices of gradation and transition。 One is Roman at the base； Gothic in the middle； Greco…Roman at the top。 It is because it was six hundred years in building。 This variety is rare。 The donjon keep of d'Etampes is a specimen of it。 But monuments of two formations are more frequent。 There is Notre…Dame de Paris； a pointed…arch edifice； which is imbedded by its pillars in that Roman zone； in which are plunged the portal of Saint…Denis； and the nave of Saint…Germain des Prés。 There is the charming； half…Gothic chapter…house of Bocherville； where the Roman layer extends half way up。 There is the cathedral of Rouen； which would be entirely Gothic if it did not bathe the tip of its central spire in the zone of the Renaissance。**
* This is the same which is called； according to locality； climate； and races； Lombard； Saxon； or Byzantine。 There are four sister and parallel architectures； each having its special character； but derived from the same origin； the round arch。
~Facies non omnibus una； No diversa tamen； qualem~； etc。
Their faces not all alike； nor yet different； but such as the faces of sisters ought to be。
** This portion of the spire； which was of woodwork； is precisely that which was consumed by lightning； in 1823。
However； all these shades； all these differences； do not affect the surfaces of edifices only。 It is art which has changed its skin。 The very constitution of the Christian church is not attacked by it。 There is always the same internal woodwork； the same logical arrangement of parts。 Whatever may be the carved and embroidered envelope of a cathedral； one always finds beneath itin the state of a germ； and of a rudiment at the leastthe Roman basilica。 It is eternally developed upon the soil according to the same law。 There are； invariably； two naves； which intersect in a cross； and whose upper portion； rounded into an apse； forms the choir； there are always the side aisles； for interior
processions； for chapels；a sort of lateral walks or promenades where the principal nave discharges itself through the spaces between the pillars。 That settled； the number of chapels； doors； bell towers； and pinnacles are modified to infinity； according to the fancy of the century； the people； and art。 The service of religion once assured and provided for； architecture does what she pleases。 Statues； stained glass； rose windows； arabesques； denticulations； capitals； bas…reliefs；she combines all these imaginings according to the arrangement which best suits her。 Hence； the prodigious exterior variety of these edifices； at whose foundation dwells so much order and unity。 The trunk of a tree is immovable； the foliage is capricious。
CHAPTER II。
A BIRD'S…EYE VIEW OF PARIS。
We have just attempted to restore； for the reader's benefit； that admirable church of Notre…Dame de Paris。 We have briefly pointed out the greater part of the beauties which it possessed in the fifteenth century； and which it lacks to…day； but we have omitted the principal thing；the view of Paris which was then to be obtained from the summits of its towers。
That was； in fact；when； after having long groped one's way up the dark spiral which perpendicularly pierces the thick wall of the belfries； one emerged； at last abruptly； upon one of the lofty platforms inundated with light and air；that was； in fact； a fine picture which spread out； on all sides at once； before the eye； a spectacle ~sui generis~； of which those of our readers who have had the good fortune to see a Gothic city entire； complete； homogeneous；a few of which still remain； Nuremberg in Bavaria and Vittoria in Spain；can readily form an idea； or even smaller specimens； provided that they are well preserved；Vitré in Brittany； Nordhausen in Prussia。
The Paris of three hundred and fifty years agothe Paris of the fifteenth centurywas already a gigantic city。 We Parisians generally make a mistake as to the ground which we think that we have gained； since Paris has not increased much over one…third since the time of Louis XI。 It has certainly lost more in beauty than it has gained in size。
Paris had its birth； as the reader knows； in that old island of the City which has the form of a cradle。 The strand of that island was its first boundary wall； the Seine its first moat。 Paris remained for many centuries in its island state； with two bridges； one on the north； the other on the south； and two bridge heads； which were at the same time its gates and its fortresses；the Grand…Chatelet on the right bank； the Petit…Chatelet on the left。 Then； from the date of the kings of the first race； Paris； being too cribbed and confined in its island； and unable to return thither； crossed the water。 Then； beyond the Grand； beyond the Petit…Chatelet； a first circle of walls and towers began to infringe upon the country on the two sides of the Seine。 Some vestiges of this ancient enclosure still remained in the last century； to…day； only the memory of it is left； and here and there a tradition； the Baudets or Baudoyer gate； 〃Porte Bagauda〃。
Little by little； the tide of houses； always thrust from the heart of the city outwards； overflows； devours； wears away； and effaces this wall。 Philip Augustus makes a new dike for it。 He imprisons Paris in a circular chain of great towers； both lofty and solid。 For the period of more than a century； the houses press upon each other； accumulate； and raise their level in this basin； like water in a reservoir。 They begin to deepen； they pile story upon story； they mount upon each other； they gush forth at the top； like all laterally compressed growth； and there is a rivalry as to which shall thrust its head above its neighbors； for the sake of getting a little air。 The street glows narrower and deeper； every space is overwhelmed and disappears。 The houses finally leap the wall of Philip Augustus； and scatter joyfully over the plain； without order； and all askew； like runaways。 There they plant themselves squarely； cut themselves gardens from the fields； and take their ease。 Beginning with 1367； the city spreads to such an extent into the suburbs； that a new wall becomes necessary； particularly on the right bank； Charles V。 builds it。 But a city like Paris is perpetually growing。 It is only such cities that become capitals。 They are funnels； into which all the geographical； political； moral； and intellectual water…sheds of a country； all the natural slopes of a people； pour； wells of civilization； so to speak； and also sewers； where commerce； industry； intelligence； population；all that is sap； all that is life； all that is the soul of a nation； filters and amasses unceasingly； drop by drop； century by century。
So Charles V。's wall suffered the fate of that of Philip Augustus。 At the end of the fifteenth century； the Faubourg strides across it； passes beyond it； and runs farther。 In the sixteenth； it seems to retreat visibly； and to bury itself deeper and deeper in the old city； so thick had the new city already become outside of it。 Thus； beginning with the fifteenth century； where our story finds us； Paris had already outgrown the three concentric circles of walls which； from the time of Julian the Apostate； existed； so to speak； in germ in the Grand…Chatelet and the Petit…Chatelet。 The mighty city had cracked； in succession； its four enclosures of walls； like a child grown too large for his garments of last year。 Under Louis XI。； this sea of houses was seen to be pierced at intervals by several groups of ruined towers； from the ancient wall； like the summits of hills in an inundation；like archipelagos of the old Paris submerged beneath the new。 Since that time Paris has undergone yet another transformation； unfortunately for our eyes； but it has passed only one more wall； that of Louis XV。； that miserable wall of mud and spittle； worthy of the king who built it； worthy of the poet who sung it；
~Le mur murant Paris rend Paris murmurant~。*
* The wall walling Paris makes Paris murmur。
In the fifteenth century； Paris was still divided into three wholly distinct and separate towns； each having its own physiognomy； its own specialty； its manners； customs； privileges； and history： the City； the University； the Town。 The City； which occupied the island； was the most ancient； the smallest； and the mother of the other two； crowded in between them like （may we be pardoned the comparison） a little old woman between two large and handsome maidens。 The University covered the left bank of the Seine； from the Tournelle to the Tour de Nesle； points which correspond in the Paris of to…day； the one to the wine market； the other to the mint。 Its wall included a large part of that plain where Julian had built his hot baths。 The hill of Sainte…Geneviève was enclosed in it。 The culminating point of this sweep of walls was the Papal gate； that is to say； near the present site of the Pantheon。 The Town； which was the largest of the three fragments of Paris； held the right bank。 Its quay； broken or interrupted in many places； ran along the Seine； from the Tour de Billy to the Tour du Bois； that is to say； from the place where the granary stands to…day； to the present site of the Tuileries。 These four points； where the Seine intersected the wall of the capital； the Tournelle and the Tour de Nesle on the right； the Tour de Billy and the Tour du Bois on the left； were called pre…eminently； 〃the four towers of Paris。〃 The Town encroached still more extensively upon the fields than the University。 The culminating point of the Town w