beacon lights of history-iii-2- 第16部分

nation；　since　they　rob　each　other。　　They　cause　money　to　change

hands；　they　do　not　stimulate　industry。　　They　do　not　create　wealth；

they　simply　make　it　flow　from　one　person　to　another。



But　speculations　sometimes　create　activity　in　enterprise；　they

inflame　desires　for　wealth；　and　cause　people　to　make　greater

exertions。　　In　that　sense　the　discovery　of　American　mines　gave　a

stimulus　to　commerce　and　travel　and　energy。　　People　rushed　to

America　for　gold：　these　people　had　to　be　fed　and　clothed。　　Then

farmers　and　manufacturers　followed　the　gold…hunters；　they　tilled

the　soil　to　feed　the　miners。　　The　new　farms　which　dotted　the　region

of　the　gold…diggers　added　to　the　wealth　of　the　country　in　which　the

mines　were　located。　　Colonization　followed　gold…digging。　　But　it

was　America　that　became　enriched；　not　the　old　countries　from　which

the　miners　came；　except　so　far　as　the　old　countries　furnished　tools

and　ships　and　fabrics；　for　doubtless　commerce　and　manufacturing

were　stimulated。　　So　far；　the　wealth　of　the　world　increased；　but

the　men　who　returned　to　riot　in　luxury　and　idleness　did　not

stimulate　enterprise。　　They　made　others　idle　also。　　The　necessity

of　labor　was　lost　sight　of。



And　yet　if　one　country　became　idle；　another　country　may　have　become

industrious。　　There　can　be　but　little　question　that　the　discovery

of　the　American　mines　gave　commerce　and　manufactures　and

agriculture；　on　the　whole；　a　stimulus。　　This　was　particularly　seen

in　England。　　England　grew　rich　from　industry　and　enterprise；　as

Spain　became　poor　from　idleness　and　luxury。　　The　silver　and　gold；

diffused　throughout　Europe；　ultimately　found　their　way　into　the

pockets　of　Englishmen；　who　made　a　market　for　their　manufactures。

It　was　not　alone　the　precious　metals　which　enriched　England；　but

the　will　and　power　to　produce　those　articles　of　industry　for　which

the　rest　of　the　world　parted　with　their　gold　and　silver。　　What　has

made　France　rich　since　the　Revolution？　　Those　innumerable　articles

of　taste　and　elegancefabrics　and　winesfor　which　all　Europe

parted　with　their　specie；　not　war；　not　conquest；　not　mines。　　Why

till　recently　was　Germany　so　poor？　　Because　it　had　so　little　to

sell　to　other　nations；　because　industry　was　cramped　by　standing

armies　and　despotic　governments。



One　thing　is　certain；　that　the　discovery　of　America　opened　a　new

field　for　industry　and　enterprise　to　all　the　discontented　and

impoverished　and　oppressed　Europeans　who　emigrated。　　At　first　they

emigrated　to　dig　silver　and　gold。　　The　opening　of　mines　required

labor；　and　miners　were　obliged　to　part　with　their　gold　for　the

necessaries　of　life。　　Thus　California　in　our　day　has　become　peopled

with　farmers　and　merchants　and　manufacturers；　as　well　as　miners。

Many　came　to　America　expecting　to　find　gold；　and　were　disappointed；

and　were　obliged　to　turn　agriculturists；　as　in　Virginia。　　Many　came

to　New　England　from　political　and　religious　motives。　　But　all　came

to　better　their　fortunes。　　Gradually　the　United　States　and　Canada

became　populated　from　east　to　west　and　from　north　to　south。　　The

surplus　population　of　Europe　poured　itself　into　the　wilds　of

America。　　Generally　the　emigrants　were　farmers。　　With　the　growth　of

agricultural　industry　were　developed　commerce　and　manufactures。

Thus；　materially；　the　world　was　immensely　benefited。　　A　new

continent　was　opened　for　industry。　　No　matter　what　the　form　of

government　may　be；I　might　almost　say　no　matter　what　the　morals

and　religion　of　the　people　may　be；so　long　as　there　is　land　to

occupy；　and　to　be　sold　cheap；　the　continent　will　fill　up；　and　will

be　as　densely　populated　as　Europe　or　Asia；　because　the　natural

advantages　are　good。　　The　rivers　and　the　lakes　will　be　navigated；

the　products　of　the　country　will　be　exchanged　for　European　and

Asiatic　products；　wealth　will　certainly　increase；　and　increase

indefinitely。　　There　is　no　calculating　the　future　resources　and

wealth　of　the　New　World；　especially　in　the　United　States。　　There

are　no　conceivable　bounds　to　their　future　commerce；　manufactures；

and　agricultural　products。　　We　can　predict　with　certainty　the　rise

of　new　cities；　villas；　palaces；　material　splendor；　limited　only　to

the　increasing　resources　and　population　of　the　country。　　Who　can

tell　the　number　of　miles　of　new　railroads　yet　to　be　made；　the　new

inventions　to　abridge　human　labor；　what　great　empires　are　destined

to　rise；　what　unknown　forms　of　luxury　will　be　found　out；　what　new

and　magnificent　trophies　of　art　and　science　will　gradually　be　seen；

what　mechanism；　what　material　glories；　are　sure　to　come？　　This　is

not　speculation。　　Nothing　can　retard　the　growth　of　America　in

material　wealth　and　glory。　　The　splendid　external　will　call　forth

more　panegyrics　than　the　old　Roman　world　which　fancied　itself

eternal。　　The　tower　of　the　new　Babel　will　rise　to　the　clouds；　and

be　seen　in　all　its　glory　throughout　the　earth　and　sea。　　No　Fourth

of　July　orator　ever　exaggerated　the　future　destinies　of　America　in

a　material　point　of　view。　　No　〃spread…eagle〃　politician　even

conceived　what　will　be　sure　to　come。



And　what　then？　　Grant　the　most　indefinite　expansion；the　growth　of

empires　whose　splendor　and　wealth　and　power　shall　utterly　eclipse

the　glories　of　the　Old　World。　　All　this　is　probable。　　But　when　we

have　dwelt　on　the　future　material　expansion；　when　we　have　given

wings　to　imagination；　and　feel　that　even　imagination　cannot　reach

the　probable　realities　in　a　material　aspect；then　our　predictions

and　calculations　stop。　　Beyond　material　glories　we　cannot　count

with　certainty。　　The　world　has　witnessed　many　powerful　empires

which　have　passed　away；　and　left　〃not　a　rack　behind。〃　　What　remains

of　the　antediluvian　world？not　even　a　spike　of　Noah's　ark；　larger

and　stronger　than　any　modern　ship。　　What　remains　of　Nineveh；　of

Babylon；　of　Thebes；　of　Tyre；　of　Carthage；those　great　centres　of

wealth　and　power？　　What　remains　of　Roman　greatness　even；　except　in

laws　and　literature　and　renovated　statues？　　Remember　there　is　an

undeviating　uniformity　in　the　past　history　of　nations。　　What　is　the

simple　story　of　all　the　ages？industry；　wealth；　corruption；　decay；

and　ruin。　　What　conservative　power　has　been　strong　enough　to　arrest

the　ruin　of　the　nations　of　antiquity？　　Have　not　material　forces　and

glories　been　developed　and　exhibited；　whatever　the　religion　and

morals　of　the　fallen　nations？　　Cannot　a　country　grow　materially　to

a　certain　point；　under　the　most　adverse　influences；　in　a　religious

and　moral　point　of　view？　　Yet　for　lack　of　religion　and　morals　the

nations　perished；　and　their　Babel…towers　were　buried　in　the　dust。

They　perished　for　lack　of　true　conservative　forces；　at　least　that

is　the　judgment　of　historians。　　Nobody　doubts　the　splendor　of　the

material　glories　of　the　ancient　nations。　　The　ruins　of　Baalbec；　of

Palmyra；　of　Athens；　prove　this；　to　say　nothing　of　history。　　The

material　glories　of　the　ancient　nations　may　be　surpassed　by　our

modern　wonders；　but　yet　all　the　material　glories　of　the　ancient

nations　passed　away。



Now　if　this　is　to　be　the　destiny　of　America；an　unbounded　material

growth；　followed　by　corruption　and　ruin；then　Columbus　has　simply

extended　the　realm　for　men　to　try　material　experiments。　　Make　New

York　a　second　Carthage；　and　Boston　a　second　Athens；　and

Philadelphia　a　second　Antioch；　and　Washington　a　second　Rome；　and　we

simply　repeat　the　old　experiments。　　Did　not　the　Romans　have　nearly

all　we　have；　materially；　except　our　modern　scientific　inventions？



But　has　America　no　higher　destiny　than　to　repeat　the　old

experiments；　and　improve　upon　them；　and　become　rich　and　powerful？

Has　she　no　higher　and　nobler　mission？　　Can　she　lay　hold　of　forces

that　the　Old　World　never　had；　such　as　will　prevent　the　uniform　doom

of　nations？　　I　maintain　that　there　is　no　reason　that　can　be　urged；

based　on　history　and　experience；　why　she　should　escape　the　fate　of

the　nations　of　antiquity；　unless　new　forces　arise　on　this　continent

different　from　what　the　world　has　known；　and　which　have　a

conservative　influence。　　If　America　has　a　great　mission　to　declare

and　to　fulfil；　she　must　put　forth　altogether　new　forces；　and　these

not　material。　　And　these　alone　will　save　her　and　save　the　world。

It　is　mournful　to　contemplate　even　the　future　magnificent　material

glories　of　America　if　these　are　not　to　be　preserved；　if　these　are

to　share　the　fate　of　ancient　wonders。　　It　is　obvious　that　the　real

glory　of　America　is　to　be　something　entirely　different　from　that　of

which　the　ancients　boasted。　　And　this　is　to　be　moral　and

spiritual；that　which　the　ancients　lacked。



This　leads　me　to　speak　of　the　moral　consequences　of　the　discovery

of　America；infinitely　grander　than　any　material　wonders；　of　which

the　world　has　been　full；　of　which　every　form　of　paganism　has

boasted；　which　nearly　everywhere　has　perished；　and　which　must

necessarily　perish　everywhere；　without　new　forces　to　preserve　them。



In　a　moral　point　of　view　scarcely　anything　good　immediately

resulted；　at　least　to　Europe；　by　the　discovery　of　America。　　It

excited　the　wildest　spirit　of　adventure；　the　most　unscrupulous

cupidity；　the　most　demoralizing　speculation。　　It　created　jealousies

and　wars。　　The　cruelties　and　injustices　inflicted　on　the　Indians

were　revolting。　　Nothing　in　the　annals　of　the　world　exceeds　the

wickedness　of　the　Spaniards　in　the　conquest　of　Peru　and　Mexico。

That　conquest　is　the　most　dismal　and　least　glorious　in　human

history。　　We　see　in　it　no　poetry；　or　heroism；　or　necessity；　we　read

of　nothing　but　its　crimes。　　The　Jesuits；　in　their　missionary　zeal；

partly　redeemed　the　cruelties；　but　they　soon　imposed　a　despotic

yoke；　and　confirmed　their　sway。　　Monopolies　scandalously　increased；

and　the　New　World　was　regarded　only　as　spoil。　　The　tone　of　moral

feeling　was　lowered　everywhere；　for　the　nations　were　crazed　with

the　hope　of　sudden　accumulations。　　Spain　became　enervated　and

demoralized。



On　America　itself　the　demoralization　was　even　more　marked。