warriors¡¡in¡¡all¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡Nowhere¡¡were¡¡there¡¡such¡¡chivalric¡¡virtues¡£
No¡¡people¡¡were¡¡then¡¡animated¡¡with¡¡such¡¡martial¡¡enthusiasm£»¡¡such
unfettered¡¡imagination£»¡¡such¡¡heroic¡¡daring£»¡¡as¡¡were¡¡the¡¡subjects¡¡of
Ferdinand¡¡and¡¡Isabella¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡were¡¡a¡¡people¡¡to¡¡conquer¡¡a¡¡world£»¡¡not
merely¡¡heroic¡¡and¡¡enterprising£»¡¡but¡¡fresh¡¡with¡¡religious
enthusiasm¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡had¡¡expelled¡¡the¡¡infidels¡¡from¡¡Spain£»¡¡they¡¡would
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The¡¡hopes¡¡held¡¡out¡¡by¡¡Columbus¡¡were¡¡extravagant£»¡¡and¡¡these
extravagant¡¡expectations¡¡were¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡of¡¡his¡¡fall¡¡and
subsequent¡¡sorrows¡¡and¡¡humiliation¡£¡¡¡¡Doubtless¡¡he¡¡was¡¡sincere£»¡¡but
he¡¡was¡¡infatuated¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡could¡¡only¡¡see¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡of¡¡Cipango¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was
as¡¡confident¡¡of¡¡enriching¡¡his¡¡followers¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡of
discovering¡¡new¡¡realms¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡as¡¡enthusiastic¡¡as¡¡Sir¡¡Walter
Raleigh¡¡a¡¡century¡¡later£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡promises¡¡as¡¡rash¡¡as¡¡he£»¡¡and
created¡¡the¡¡same¡¡exalted¡¡hopes£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡bitter
disappointments£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡he¡¡incurred¡¡the¡¡same¡¡hostilities
and¡¡met¡¡the¡¡same¡¡downfall¡£
This¡¡second¡¡expedition¡¡was¡¡undertaken¡¡in¡¡seventeen¡¡vessels£»
carrying¡¡fifteen¡¡hundred¡¡people£»¡¡all¡¡full¡¡of¡¡animation¡¡and¡¡hope£»
and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡with¡¡intentions¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡in¡¡the¡¡newly¡¡discovered
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Hispaniola¡¡in¡¡March£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1493£»¡¡only¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡that¡¡the
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they¡¡were¡¡governed¡¡with¡¡great¡¡difficulty£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡haughty¡¡hidalgoes
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reports¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Spain£»¡¡accusing¡¡him¡¡of¡¡incapacity£»¡¡cruelty£»
and¡¡oppression£»¡¡gold¡¡was¡¡found¡¡only¡¡in¡¡small¡¡quantities£»¡¡some¡¡of
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evils¡¡created¡¡bitter¡¡disappointment¡¡in¡¡Spain¡¡and¡¡discontent¡¡with
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sailed¡¡around¡¡Cuba¡¡and¡¡Jamaica¡¡and¡¡other¡¡islands£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡yet¡¡had
not¡¡seen¡¡the¡¡mainland¡¡or¡¡found¡¡mines¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡or¡¡silver¡£
He¡¡landed¡¡in¡¡Spain£»¡¡in¡¡1496£»¡¡to¡¡find¡¡that¡¡his¡¡popularity¡¡had
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dazzled¡¡the¡¡crowd¡£
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disappointment¡£¡¡¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡seventeen¡¡vessels£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡collect¡¡but
six¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡voyage¡¡he¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡mainland£»that¡¡part¡¡called
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where¡¡he¡¡had¡¡left¡¡the¡¡discontented¡¡colony¡¡himself¡¡broken¡¡in¡¡health£»
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the¡¡colonists¡¡were¡¡lazy¡¡and¡¡turbulent£»¡¡mutiny¡¡had¡¡broken¡¡out£»
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obliged¡¡to¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡severities¡¡that¡¡made¡¡him¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more
unpopular¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡complaints¡¡of¡¡his¡¡enemies¡¡reached¡¡Spain¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was
most¡¡cruelly¡¡misrepresented¡¡and¡¡slandered£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡general
disappointment£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡constant¡¡drain¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mother¡¡country¡¡to
support¡¡the¡¡colony£»¡¡his¡¡enemies¡¡gained¡¡the¡¡ear¡¡of¡¡his¡¡sovereigns£»
and¡¡strong¡¡doubts¡¡arose¡¡in¡¡their¡¡minds¡¡about¡¡his¡¡capacity¡¡for
government¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡a¡¡royal¡¡commission¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡out£»an¡¡officer¡¡named
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colony£»¡¡and¡¡supplant£»¡¡if¡¡necessary£»¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡Columbus¡£¡¡¡¡The
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to¡¡Spain¡¡in¡¡chains¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡a¡¡change¡¡of¡¡fortune£¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡detail
the¡¡accusations¡¡against¡¡him£»¡¡just£»¡¡or¡¡unjust¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡mournful
enough¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡old¡¡man¡¡brought¡¡home¡¡in¡¡irons¡¡from¡¡the¡¡world¡¡he
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Columbus¡¡was¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡make¡¡one¡¡more¡¡voyage¡¡of¡¡discovery£»¡¡but
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difficulties£»¡¡wars¡¡with¡¡the¡¡natives£»¡¡perils¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea£»
discontents£»¡¡disappointments£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡at¡¡last¡¡he¡¡returned¡¡to
Spain£»¡¡in¡¡1504£»broken¡¡with¡¡age¡¡and¡¡infirmities£»¡¡after¡¡twelve
years¡¡of¡¡harassing¡¡cares£»¡¡labors£»¡¡and¡¡dangers¡¡£¨a¡¡checkered¡¡career
of¡¡glory¡¡and¡¡suffering£©£»nothing¡¡remained¡¡but¡¡to¡¡prepare¡¡for¡¡his
final¡¡rest¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡had¡¡not¡¡made¡¡a¡¡fortune£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡not¡¡enriched¡¡his
patrons£»but¡¡he¡¡had¡¡discovered¡¡a¡¡continent¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡last¡¡days¡¡were
spent¡¡in¡¡disquieting¡¡and¡¡fruitless¡¡negotiations¡¡to¡¡perpetuate¡¡his
honors¡¡among¡¡his¡¡descendants¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡ever¡¡jealous¡¡and¡¡tenacious¡¡of
his¡¡dignities¡£¡¡¡¡Ferdinand¡¡was¡¡polite£»¡¡but¡¡selfish¡¡and¡¡cold£»¡¡nor¡¡can
this¡¡calculating¡¡prince¡¡ever¡¡be¡¡vindicated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡stain¡¡of¡¡gross
ingratitude¡£¡¡¡¡Columbus¡¡died¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1506£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡sixty£»
a¡¡disappointed¡¡man¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡honors¡¡were¡¡ultimately¡¡bestowed¡¡upon¡¡his
heirs£»¡¡who¡¡became¡¡grandees¡¡and¡¡dukes£»¡¡and¡¡intermarried¡¡with¡¡the
proudest¡¡families¡¡of¡¡Spain£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡also¡¡said¡¡that¡¡Ferdinand
himself£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡navigator£»¡¡caused¡¡a¡¡monument
to¡¡be¡¡erected¡¡to¡¡his¡¡memory¡¡with¡¡this¡¡inscription£º¡¡¡¨To¡¡Castile¡¡and
Leon¡¡Columbus¡¡gave¡¡a¡¡new¡¡world¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡But¡¡no¡¡man¡¡of¡¡that¡¡century¡¡needed
less¡¡than¡¡Columbus¡¡a¡¡monument¡¡to¡¡perpetuate¡¡his¡¡immortal¡¡fame¡£
I¡¡think¡¡that¡¡historians¡¡belittle¡¡Columbus¡¡when¡¡they¡¡would¡¡excite
our¡¡pity¡¡for¡¡his¡¡misfortunes¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡insult¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡all
struggling¡¡souls£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡utilitarians¡¡of¡¡all¡¡benefactors£»¡¡and
give¡¡false¡¡views¡¡of¡¡success¡£¡¡¡¡Few¡¡benefactors£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡were
ever¡¡more¡¡richly¡¡rewarded¡¡than¡¡he¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡died¡¡Admiral¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Seas£»¡¡a
grandee¡¡of¡¡Spain£»having¡¡bishops¡¡for¡¡his¡¡eulogists¡¡and¡¡princes¡¡for
his¡¡mourners£»the¡¡founder¡¡of¡¡an¡¡illustrious¡¡house£»¡¡whose¡¡name¡¡and
memory¡¡gave¡¡glory¡¡even¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡throne¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡even¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had
not¡¡been¡¡rewarded¡¡with¡¡material¡¡gains£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡that
he¡¡had¡¡conferred¡¡a¡¡benefit¡¡on¡¡the¡¡world¡¡which¡¡could¡¡scarcely¡¡be
appreciated¡¡in¡¡his¡¡lifetime£»a¡¡benefit¡¡so¡¡transcendent¡¡that¡¡its
results¡¡could¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡only¡¡by¡¡future¡¡generations¡£¡¡¡¡Who¡¡could
adequately¡¡pay¡¡him¡¡for¡¡his¡¡services£»¡¡who¡¡could¡¡estimate¡¡the¡¡value
of¡¡his¡¡gift£¿¡¡¡¡What¡¡though¡¡they¡¡load¡¡him¡¡to¡day¡¡with¡¡honors£»¡¡or¡¡cast
him¡¡tomorrow¡¡into¡¡chains£¿that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡all¡¡immortal
benefactors¡¡since¡¡our¡¡world¡¡began¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡great¡¡soul¡¡should¡¡have
soared¡¡beyond¡¡vulgar¡¡rewards¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡loftiness¡¡of¡¡his¡¡self¡
consciousness¡¡he¡¡should¡¡have¡¡accepted£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡murmur£»¡¡whatever
fortune¡¡awaited¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡Had¡¡he¡¡merely¡¡given¡¡to¡¡civilization¡¡a¡¡new
style¡¡of¡¡buttons£»¡¡or¡¡an¡¡improved¡¡envelope£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡punch¡¡for¡¡a¡¡railway
conductor£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡spring¡¡for¡¡a¡¡carriage£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡mining¡¡tool£»¡¡or¡¡a
screw£»¡¡or¡¡revolver£»¡¡or¡¡reaper£»¡¡the¡¡inventors¡¡of¡¡which¡¡have¡¡¡¨seen
millions¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡been¡¡cheated¡¡out¡¡of¡¡his¡¡gains£»¡¡he¡¡might¡¡have
whimpered¡¡over¡¡his¡¡wrongs¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡few¡¡benefactors¡¡have¡¡received¡¡even
as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡he£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡won¡¡dignities£»¡¡admiration£»¡¡and¡¡undying¡¡fame¡£
We¡¡scarcely¡¡know¡¡the¡¡names¡¡of¡¡many¡¡who¡¡have¡¡made¡¡grand¡¡bequests¡£
Who¡¡invented¡¡the¡¡mariner's¡¡compass£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡lyre¡¡to¡¡primeval
ages£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡blacksmith's¡¡forge£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡letters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡alphabet£»¡¡or
the¡¡arch¡¡in¡¡architecture£»¡¡or¡¡glass¡¡for¡¡windows£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡solved¡¡the
first¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡geometry£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡first¡¡sang¡¡the¡¡odes¡¡which¡¡Homer
incorporated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Iliad£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡first¡¡turned¡¡up¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡with¡¡a
plough£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡first¡¡used¡¡the¡¡weaver's¡¡shuttle£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡devised¡¡the
cathedrals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡Ages£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡keel¡¡to¡¡ships£¿¡¡¡¡Who
was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡that¡¡raised¡¡bread¡¡by¡¡yeast£¿¡¡¡¡Who¡¡invented¡¡chimneys£¿
But¡¡all¡¡ages¡¡will¡¡know¡¡that¡¡Columbus¡¡discovered¡¡America£»¡¡and¡¡his
monuments¡¡are¡¡in¡¡every¡¡land£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡greatness¡¡is¡¡painted¡¡by¡¡the
ablest¡¡historians¡£
But¡¡I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡enlarge¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rewards¡¡Columbus¡¡received£»¡¡or¡¡the
ingratitude¡¡which¡¡succeeded¡¡them£»¡¡by¡¡force¡¡of¡¡envy¡¡or¡¡from¡¡the
disappointment¡¡of¡¡worldly¡¡men¡¡in¡¡not¡¡realizing¡¡all¡¡the¡¡gold¡¡that¡¡he
promised¡£¡¡¡¡Let¡¡me¡¡allude¡¡to¡¡the¡¡results¡¡of¡¡his¡¡discovery¡£
The¡¡first¡¡we¡¡notice¡¡was
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