beacon lights of history-iii-2- 第1部分

Beacon　Lights　of　History



Volume　III　　Part　2



by　John　Lord







Volume　III。



Part　IIRenaissance　and　Reformation。







CONTENTS。





DANTE。



RISE　OF　MODERN　POETRY。





The　antiquity　of　Poetry

The　greatness　of　Poets

Their　influence　on　Civilization

The　true　poet　one　of　the　rarest　of　men

The　pre…eminence　of　Homer；　Dante；　Shakspeare；　and　Goethe

Characteristics　of　Dante

His　precocity

His　moral　wisdom　and　great　attainments

His　terrible　scorn　and　his　isolation

State　of　society　when　Dante　was　born

His　banishment

Guelphs　and　Ghibellines

Dante　stimulated　to　his　great　task　by　an　absorbing　sentiment

　　Beatrice

Dante's　passion　for　Beatrice　analyzed

The　worship　of　ideal　qualities　the　foundation　of　lofty　love

The　mystery　of　love

Its　exalted　realism

Dedication　of　Dante's　life…labors　to　the　departed　Beatrice

The　Divine　Comedy；　a　study

The　Inferno；　its　graphic　pictures

Its　connection　with　the　ideas　of　the　Middle　Ages

The　physical　hell　of　Dante　in　its　connection　with　the　Mediaeval

　　doctrine　of　Retribution

The　Purgatorio；　its　moral　wisdom

Origin　of　the　doctrine　of　Purgatory

Its　consolation　amid　the　speculations　of　despair

The　Paradiso

Its　discussion　of　grand　themes

The　Divina　Commedia　makes　an　epoch　in　civilization

Dante's　life　an　epic

His　exalted　character

His　posthumous　influence







GEOFFREY　CHAUCER。



ENGLISH　LIFE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH　CENTURY。





The　characteristics　of　the　fourteenth　century

Its　great　events　and　characters

State　of　society　in　England　when　Chaucer　arose

His　early　life

His　intimacy　with　John　of　Gaunt；　the　great　Duke　of　Lancaster

His　prosperity

His　poetry

The　Canterbury　Tales

Their　fidelity　to　Nature　and　to　English　life

Connection　of　his　poetry　with　the　formation　of　the　English　Language

The　Pilgrims　of　the　Canterbury　Tales

Chaucer's　views　of　women　and　of　love

His　description　of　popular　sports　and　amusements

The　preponderance　of　country　life　in　the　fourteenth　century

Chaucer's　description　of　popular　superstitions

Of　ecclesiastical　abuses

His　emancipation　from　the　ideas　of　the　Middle　Ages

Peculiarities　of　his　poetry

Chaucer's　private　life

The　respect　in　which　he　was　held

Influence　of　his　poetry







CHRISTOPHER　COLUMBUS。



MARITIME　DISCOVERIES。





Marco　Polo

His　travels

The　geographical　problems　of　the　fourteenth　century

Sought　to　be　solved　by　Christopher　Columbus

The　difficulties　he　had　to　encounter

Regarded　as　a　visionary　man

His　persistence

Influence　of　women　in　great　enterprises

Columbus　introduced　to　Queen　Isabella

Excuses　for　his　opponents

The　Queen　favors　his　projects

The　first　voyage　of　Columbus

Its　dangers

Discovery　of　the　Bahama　Islands

Discovery　of　Cuba　and　Hispaniola

Columbus　returns　to　Spain

The　excitement　and　enthusiasm　produced　by　his　discoveries

His　second　voyage

Extravagant　expectations　of　Columbus

Disasters　of　the　colonists

Decline　of　the　popularity　of　Columbus

His　third　voyage

His　arrest　and　disgrace

His　fourth　voyage

His　death

Greatness　of　his　services

Results　of　his　discoveries

Colonization

The　mines　of　Peru　and　Mexico

The　effects　on　Europe　of　the　rapid　increase　of　the　precious　metals

True　sources　of　national　wealth

The　destinies　of　America

Its　true　mission







SAVONAROLA。



UNSUCCESSFUL　REFORMS。





The　age　of　Savonarola

Revival　of　Classic　Literature

Ecclesiastical　corruptions

Religious　apathy；　awakened　intelligence；　infidel　spirit

Youth　of　Savonarola

His　piety

Begins　to　preach

His　success　at　Florence

Peculiarities　of　his　eloquence

Death　of　Lorenzo　de　Medici

Savonarola　as　a　political　leader

Denunciation　of　tyranny

His　influence　in　giving　a　constitution　to　the　Florentines

Difficulties　of　Constitution…making

His　method　of　teaching　political　science

Peculiarities　of　the　new　Rule

Its　great　wisdom

Savonarola　as　reformer

As　moralist

Terrible　denunciation　of　sin　in　high　places

A　prophet　of　woe

Contrast　between　Savonarola　and　Luther

The　sermons　of　Savonarola

His　marvellous　eloquence

Its　peculiarities

The　enemies　of　Savonarola

Savonarola　persecuted

His　appeal　to　Europe

The　people　desert　him

Months　of　torment

His　martyrdom

His　character

His　posthumous　influence







MICHAEL　ANGELO。



THE　REVIVAL　OF　ART。





Michael　Angelo　as　representative　of　reviving　Art

Ennobling　effects　of　Art　when　inspired　by　lofty　sentiments

Brilliancy　of　Art　in　the　sixteenth　century

Early　life　of　Michael　Angelo

His　aptitude　for　Art

Patronized　by　Lorenzo　de　Medici

Sculpture　later　in　its　development　than　Architecture

The　chief　works　of　Michael　Angelo　as　sculptor

The　peculiarity　of　his　sculptures

Michael　Angelo　as　painter

History　of　painting　in　the　Middle　Ages

Da　Vinci

The　frescos　of　the　Sistine　Chapel

The　Last　Judgment

The　cartoon　of　the　battle　of　Pisa

The　variety　as　well　as　moral　grandeur　of　Michael　Angelo's　paintings

Ennobling　influence　of　his　works

His　works　as　architect

St。　Peter's　Church

Revival　of　Roman　and　Grecian　Architecture

Contrasted　with　Gothic　Architecture

Michael　Angelo　rescues　the　beauties　of　Paganism

Not　responsible　for　absurdities　of　the　Renaissance

Greatness　of　Michael　Angelo　as　a　man

His　industry；　temperance；　dignity　of　character；　love　of　Art　for

　　Art's　sake

His　indifference　to　rewards　and　praises

His　transcendent　fame







MARTIN　LUTHER。



THE　PROTESTANT　REFORMATION。





Luther's　predecessors

Corruptions　of　the　Church

Luther　the　man　for　the　work　of　reform

His　peculiarities

His　early　piety

Enters　a　Monastery

His　religious　experience

Made　Professor　of　Divinity　at　Wittenberg

The　Pope　in　great　need　of　money　to　complete　St。　Peter's

Indulgences；　principles　on　which　they　were　based

Luther；　indignant；　preaches　Justification　by　Faith

His　immense　popularity

Grace　the　cardinal　principle　of　the　Reformation

The　Reformation　began　as　a　religious　movement

How　the　defence　of　Luther's　doctrine　led　to　the　recognition　of　the

　　supreme　authority　of　the　Scriptures

Public　disputation　at　Leipsic　between　Luther　and　Eck

Connection　between　the　advocacy　of　the　Bible　as　a　supreme　authority

　　and　the　right　of　private　judgment

Religious　liberty　a　sequence　of　private　judgment

Connection　between　religious　and　civil　liberty

Contrast　between　Leo　I。　and　Luther

Luther　as　reformer

His　boldness　and　popularity

He　alarms　Rome

His　translation　of　the　Bible；　his　hymns；　and　other　works

Summoned　by　imperial　authority　to　the　Diet　of　Worms

His　memorable　defence

His　immortal　legacies

His　death　and　character







THOMAS　CRANMER。



THE　ENGLISH　REFORMATION。





Importance　of　the　English　Reformation

Cranmer　its　best　exponent

What　was　effected　during　the　reign　of　Henry　VIII。

Thomas　Cromwell

Suppression　of　Monasteries

Their　opposition　to　the　revival　of　Learning

Their　exceeding　corruption

Their　great　wealth　and　its　confiscation

Ecclesiastical　courts

Sir　Thomas　More；　his　execution

Main　feature　of　Henry　VIII。's　anti…clerical　measures。

Fall　of　Cromwell

Rise　of　Cranmer

His　characteristics

His　wise　moderation

His　fortunate　suggestions　to　Henry　VIII。

Made　Archbishop　of　Canterbury

Difficulties　of　his　position

Reforms　made　by　the　government；　not　by　the　people。

Accession　of　Edward　VI

Cranmer's　Church　reforms：　open　communion；　abolition　of　the　Mass；

new　English　liturgy

Marriage　among　the　clergy；　the　Forty…two　Articles

Accession　of　Mary

Persecution　of　the　Reformers

Reactionary　measures

Arrest；　weakness；　and　recantation　of　Cranmer

His　noble　death；　his　character

Death　of　Mary

Accession　of　Elizabeth；　and　return　of　exiles　to　England

The　Elizabethan　Age

Conservative　reforms　and　conciliatory　measures

The　Thirty…nine　Articles

Nonconformists

Their　doctrines　and　discipline

The　great　Puritan　controversy

The　Puritans　represent　the　popular　side　of　the　Reformation

Their　theology

Their　moral　discipline

Their　connection　with　civil　liberty

Summary　of　the　English　Reformation







IGNATIUS　LOYOLA。



RISE　AND　INFLUENCE　OF　THE　JESUITS。



The　counter…reformation　effected　by　the　Jesuits

Picture　of　the　times；　theological　doctrines

The　Monastic　Orders　no　longer　available

Ignatius　Loyola

His　early　life

Founds　a　new　order　of　Monks

Wonderful　spread　of　the　Society　of　Jesus

Their　efficient　organization

Causes　of　success　in　general

Virtues　and　abilities　of　the　early　Jesuits

Their　devotion　and　bravery

Jesuit　Missions

Veneration　for　Loyola；　his　〃Spiritual　Exercises〃

Lainez

Singular　obedience　exacted　of　the　members　of　the　Society

Absolute　power　of　the　General　of　the　Order

Voluntary　submission　of　Jesuits　to　complete　despotism

The　Jesuits　adapt　themselves　to　the　circumstances　of　society

Causes　of　the　decline　of　their　influence

Corruption　of　most　human　institutions

The　Jesuits　become　rich　and　then　corrupt

Esprit　de　corps　of　the　Jesuits

Their　doctrine　of　expediency

Their　political　intrigues

Persecution　of　the　Protestants

The　enemies　they　made

Madame　de　Pompadour

Suppression　of　the　Order

Their　return　to　power

Reasons　why　Protestants　fear　and　dislike　them





JOHN　CALVIN。



PROTESTANT　THEOLOGY。



John　Calvin's　position

His　early　life　and　precocity

Becomes　a　leader　of　Protestants

Removes　to　Geneva

His　habits　and　character

Temporary　exile

Convention　at　Frankfort

Melancthon；　Luther；　Calvin；　and　Catholic　doctrines

Return　to　Geneva；　and　marriage

Calvin　compared　with　Luther

Calvin　as　a　legislator

His　reform

His　views　of　the　Eucharist

Excommunication；　etc

His　dislike　of　ceremonies　and　festivals

The　simplicity　of　the　worship　of　God

His　ideas　of　church　government

Absence　of　toleration

Church　and　State

Exaltation　of　preaching

Calvin　as　a　theologian；　his　Institu