m； was called back to take the government upon him； what signs happened to him relating to his gaining that government； and what mutations of government then happened at Rome； and how he was unwillingly made emperor by his soldiers； and how； upon his departure to Egypt； to take upon him the government of the empire； the affairs of the Jews became very tumultuous； as also how the tyrants rose up against them； and fell into dissensions among themselves。
10。 Moreover； ＇I shall relate＇ how Titus marched out of Egypt into Judea the second time； as also how； and where； and how many forces he got together； and in what state the city was； by the means of the seditious； at his coming； what attacks he made； and how many ramparts he cast up； of the three walls that encompassed the city； and of their measures； of the strength of the city； and the structure of the temple and holy house； and besides； the measures of those edifices； and of the altar； and all accurately determined。 A description also of certain of their festivals； and seven purifications of purity； （5） and the sacred ministrations of the priests； with the garments of the priests； and of the high priests； and of the nature of the most holy place of the temple； without concealing any thing； or adding any thing to the known truth of things。
11。 After this； I shall relate the barbarity of the tyrants towards the people of their own nation； as well as the indulgence of the Romans in sparing foreigners； and how often Titus； out of his desire to preserve the city and the temple； invited the seditious to come to terms of accommodation。 I shall also distinguish the sufferings of the people； and their calamities； how far they were afflicted by the sedition； and how far by the famine； and at length were taken。 Nor shall I omit to mention the misfortunes of the deserters； nor the punishments inflicted on the captives； as also how the temple was burnt； against the consent of Caesar； and how many sacred things that had been laid up in the temple were snatched out of the fire； the destruction also of the entire city； with the signs and wonders that went before it； and the taking the tyrants captives； and the multitude of those that were made slaves； and into what different misfortunes they were every one distributed。 Moreover； what the Romans did to the remains of the wall； and how they demolished the strong holds that were in the country； and how Titus went over the whole country； and settled its affairs； together with his return into Italy； and his triumph。＇
12。 I have comprehended all these things in seven books； and have left no occasion for complaint or accusation to such as have been acquainted with this war； and I have written it down for the sake of those that love truth； but not for those that please themselves ＇with fictitious relations＇。 And I will begin my account of these things with what I call my First Chapter。
WAR PREFACE FOOTNOTES
（1） I have already observed more than once； that this History of the Jewish War was Josephus's first work； and published about A。D。 75； when he was but thirty…eight years of age； and that when he wrote it； he was not thoroughly acquainted with several circumstances of history from the days of Antiochus Epiphanes； with which it begins； till near his own times； contained in the first and former part of the second book； and so committed many involuntary errors therein。 That he published his Antiquities eighteen years afterward； in the thirteenth year of Domitian； A。D。 93； when he was much more completely acquainted with those ancient times； and after he had perused those most authentic histories； the First Book of Maccabees； and the Chronicles of the Priesthood of John Hyrcanus； etc。 That accordingly he then reviewed those parts of this work； and gave the public a more faithful； complete； and accurate account of the facts therein related； and honestly corrected the errors he bad before run into。
（2） Who these Upper Barbarians； remote from the sea； were； Josephus himself will inform us； sect。 2； viz。 the Parthians and Babylonians； and remotest Arabians ＇of the Jews among them＇； besides the Jews beyond Euphrates； and the Adiabeni； or Assyrians。 Whence we also learn that these Parthians； Babylonians； the remotest Arabians； ＇or at least the Jews among them；＇ as also the Jews beyond Euphrates； and the Adiabeni； or Assyrians； understood Josephus's Hebrew； or rather Chaldaic； books of The Jewish War； before they were put into the Greek language。
（3） That these calamities of the Jews； who were our Savior's murderers； were to be the greatest that had ever been s nee the beginning of the world； our Savior had directly foretold； Matthew 24：21； Mark 13：19； Luke 21：23； 24； and that they proved to be such accordingly； Josephus is here a most authentic witness。
（4） Titus。
（5） These seven； or rather five； degrees of purity； or purification； are enumerated hereafter； B。 V。 ch。 5。 sect。 6。 The Rabbins make ten degrees of them； as Reland there informs us。
BOOK I。
Containing The Interval Of One Hundred And Sixty…Seven Years。 From The Taking Of Jerusalem By Antiochus Epiphanes； To The Death Of Herod The Great。
CHAPTER 1。
How The City Jerusalem Was Taken； And The Temple Pillaged ＇By Antiochus Epiphanes＇。 As Also Concerning The Actions Of The Maccabees； Matthias And Judas； And Concerning The Death Of Judas。 1。 At the same time that Antiochus； who was called Epiphanes； had a quarrel with the sixth Ptolemy about his right to the whole country of Syria； a great sedition fell among the men of power in Judea； and they had a contention about obtaining the government； while each of those that were of dignity could not endure to be subject to their equals。 However； Onias； one of the high priests； got the better； and cast the sons of Tobias out of the city； who fled to Antiochus； and besought him to make use of them for his leaders； and to make an expedition into Judea。 The king being thereto disposed beforehand； complied with them； and came upon the Jews with a great army； and took their city by force； and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy； and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy。 He also spoiled the temple； and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months。 But Onias； the high priest； fled to Ptolemy； and received a place from him in the Nomus of Heliopolis； where he built a city resembling Jerusalem； and a temple that was like its temple （1） concerning which we shall speak more in its proper place hereafter。
2。 Now Antiochus was not satisfied either with his unexpected taking the city； or with its pillage； or with the great slaughter he had made there； but being overcome with his violent passions； and remembering what he had suffered during the siege； he compelled the Jews to dissolve the laws of their country； and to keep their infants uncircumcised； and to sacrifice swine's flesh upon the altar； against which they all opposed themselves； and the most approved among them were put to death。 Bacchides also； who was sent to keep the fortresses； having these wicked commands； joined to his own natural barbarity； indulged all sorts of the extremest wickedness； and tormented the worthiest of the inhabitants； man by man； and threatened their city every day with open destruction； till at length he provoked the poor sufferers by the extremity of his wicked doings to avenge themselves。 3。 Accordingly Matthias； the son of Asamoneus； one of the priests who lived in a village called Modin； armed himself； together with his own family； which had five sons of his in it； and slew Bacchides with daggers； and thereupon； out of the fear of the many garrisons ＇of the enemy＇； he fled to the mountains； and so many of the people followed him； that he was encouraged to come down from the mountains； and to give battle to Antiochus's generals； when he beat them； and drove them out of Judea。 So he came to the government by this his success； and became the prince of his own people by their own free consent； and then died； leaving the government to Judas； his eldest son。
4。 Now Judas； supposing that Antiochus would not lie still； gathered an army out of his own countrymen； and was the first that made a league of friendship with the Romans； and drove Epiphanes out of the country when he had made a second expedition into it； and this by giving him a great defeat there； and when he was warmed by this great success； he made an assault upon the garrison that was in the city； for it had not been cut off hitherto； so he ejected them out of the upper city； and drove the soldiers into the lower； which part of the city was called the Citadel。 He then got the temple under his power； and cleansed the whole place； and walled it round about； and made new vessels for sacred ministrations； and brought them into the temple； because the former vessels had been profaned。 He also built another altar； and began to offer the sacrifices； and when the city had already received its sacred constitution again； Antiochus died； whose son Antiochus succeeded him in the kingdom； and in his hatred to the Jews also。
5。 So this Antiochus got together fifty thousand footmen； and five thousand horsemen； and fourscore elephants； and marched through Judea into the mountainous parts。 He then took Bethsura； which was a small city； but at a place called Bethzacharis； where the passage was narrow； Judas met him with his army。 However； before the forces joined battle； Judas's brother Eleazar； seeing the very highest of the elephants adorned with a large tower； and with military trappings of gold to guard him； and supposing that Antiochus himself was upon him； he ran a great way before his own army； and cutting his way through the enemy's troops； he got up to the elephant； yet could he not reach him who seemed to be the king； by reason of his being so high； but still he ran his weapon into the belly of the beast； and brought him down upon himself； and was crushed to death； having done no more than attempted great things； and showed that he preferred glory before life。 Now he that governed the elephant was but a private man； and had he proved to be Antiochus； Eleazar had performed nothing more by this bold stroke than t