《kwaidan》

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kwaidan- 第16部分


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at weddings must not be thought of as having any ghostly signification。 As

emblems they only express the joy of living union; and the hope that the

newly married couple may pass through life together as a pair of

butterflies flit lightly through some pleasant garden; now hovering

upward; now downward; but never widely separating。







II





A small selection of hokku (1) on butterflies will help to illustrate

Japanese interest in the aesthetic side of the subject。 Some are pictures

only; tiny color…sketches made with seventeen syllables; some are nothing

more than pretty fancies; or graceful suggestions; but the reader will

find variety。 Probably he will not care much for the verses in themselves。

The taste for Japanese poetry of the epigrammatic sort is a taste that must

be slowly acquired; and it is only by degrees; after patient study; that

the possibilities of such composition can be fairly estimated。 Hasty

criticism has declared that to put forward any serious claim on behalf of

seventeen…syllable poems 〃would be absurd。〃 But what; then; of Crashaw's

famous line upon the miracle at the marriage feast in Cana?



Nympha pudica Deum vidit; et erubuit。 '1'



Only fourteen syllables  and immortality。 Now with seventeen Japanese

syllables things quite as wonderful  indeed; much more wonderful  have

been done; not once or twice; but probably a thousand times。。。 However;

there is nothing wonderful in the following hokku; which have been selected

for more than literary reasons:



     Nugi…kakuru '2'

Haori sugata no

     Kocho kana!







'Like a haori being taken off  that is the shape of a butterfly!'



     Torisashi no

Sao no jama suru

     Kocho kana!







'Ah; the butterfly keeps getting in the way of the bird…catcher's pole! '3''



      Tsurigane ni

Tomarite nemuru

     Kocho kana!







'Perched upon the temple…bell; the butterfly sleeps:'



     Neru…uchi mo

Asobu…yume wo ya 

     Kusa no cho!







'Even while sleeping; its dream is of play  ah; the butterfly of the

grass! '4'



     Oki; oki yo!

Waga tomo ni sen;

     Neru…kocho!







'Wake up! wake up!  I will make thee my comrade; thou sleeping

butterfly。 '5''



     Kago no tori

Cho wo urayamu

     Metsuki kana!







'Ah; the sad expression in the eyes of that caged bird!  envying the

butterfly!'



     Cho tonde 

Kaze naki hi to mo

     Miezari ki!







'Even though it did not appear to be a windy day; '6' the fluttering of

the butterflies !'



     Rakkwa eda ni

Kaeru to mireba 

     Kocho kana!







'When I saw the fallen flower return to the branch  lo! it was only a

butterfly! '7''



     Chiru…hana ni 

Karusa arasou

     Kocho kana!







'How the butterfly strives to compete in lightness with the falling

flowers! '8''



     Chocho ya!

Onna no michi no

     Ato ya saki!







'See that butterfly on the woman's path; now fluttering behind her; now

before!'



     Chocho ya!

Hana…nusubito wo

     Tsukete…yuku!







'Ha! the butterfly!  it is following the person who stole the flowers!'



     Aki no cho

Tomo nakereba ya;

     Hito ni tsuku







'Poor autumn butterfly! when left without a comrade (of its own race);

it follows after man (or 〃a person〃)!'



     Owarete mo;

Isoganu furi no

     Chocho kana!







'Ah; the butterfly! Even when chased; it never has the air of being in a

hurry。'



     Cho wa mina

Jiu…shichi…hachi no

     Sugata kana!







'As for butterflies; they all have the appearance of being about seventeen

or eighteen years old。'9''



     Cho tobu ya 

Kono yo no urami

     Naki yo ni!







'How the butterfly sports; just as if there were no enmity (or 〃envy〃)

in this world!'



     Cho tobu ya;

Kono yo ni nozomi

     Nai yo ni!







'Ah; the butterfly!  it sports about as if it had nothing more to desire

in this present state of existence。'



     Nami no hana ni

Tomari kanetaru;

     Kocho kana!







'Having found it difficult indeed to perch upon the (foam…) blossoms of

the waves; alas for the butterfly!'



     Mutsumashi ya! 

Umare…kawareba

     Nobe no cho。 '10'







'If (in our next existence) we be born into the state of butterflies upon

the moor; then perchance we may be happy together!'



     Nadeshiko ni

Chocho shiroshi 

     Tare no kon? '11'







'On the pink…flower there is a white butterfly: whose spirit; I wonder?'



     Ichi…nichi no

Tsuma to miekeri 

     Cho futatsu。







'The one…day wife has at last appeared  a pair of butterflies!'



     Kite wa mau;

Futari shidzuka no

     Kocho kana!







'Approaching they dance; but when the two meet at last they are very

quiet; the butterflies!'



     Cho wo ou

Kokoro…mochitashi

     Itsumademo!







'Would that I might always have the heart (desire) of chasing butterflies!'12''



                *     *     *







Besides these specimens of poetry about butterflies; I have one queer

example to offer of Japanese prose literature on the same topic。 The

original; of which I have attempted only a free translation; can be found

in the curious old book Mushi…Isame (〃Insect…Admonitions〃); and it assumes

the form of a discourse to a butterfly。 But it is really a didactic

allegory; suggesting the moral significance of a social rise and fall:







〃Now; under the sun of spring; the winds are gentle; and flowers pinkly

bloom; and grasses are soft; and the hearts of people are glad。 Butterflies

everywhere flutter joyously: so many persons now compose Chinese verses and

Japanese verses about butterflies。





〃And this season; O Butterfly; is indeed the season of your bright

prosperity: so comely you now are that in the whole world there is nothing

more comely。 For that reason all other insects admire and envy you; there

is not among them even one that does not envy you。 Nor do insects alone

regard you with envy: men also both envy and admire you。 Soshu of China; in

a dream; assumed your shape; Sakoku of Japan; after dying; took your

form; and therein made ghostly apparition。 Nor is the envy that you inspire

shared only by insects and mankind: even things without soul change their

form into yours; witness the barley…grass; which turns into a butterfly。

'13'





〃And therefore you are lifted up with pride; and think to yourself: 'In all

this world there is nothing superior to me!' Ah! I can very well guess what

is in your heart: you are too much satisfied with your own person。 That is

why you let yourself be blown thus lightly about by every wind; that is

why you never remain still; always; always thinking; 'In the whole world

there is no one so fortunate as I。'





〃But now try to think a little about your own personal history。 It is

worth recalling; for there is a vulgar side to it。 How a vulgar side? Well;

for a considerable time after you were born; you had no such reason for

rejoicing in your form。 You were then a mere cabbage…insect; a hairy worm;

and you were so poor that you could not afford even one robe to cover your

nakedness; and your appearance was altogether disgusting。 Everybody in

those days hated the sight of you。 Indeed you had good reason to be ashamed

of yourself; and so ashamed you were that you collected old twigs and

rubbish to hide in; and you made a hiding…nest; and hung it to a branch;

and then everybody cried out to you; 'Raincoat Insect!' (Mino…mushi。) '14'

And during that period of your life; your sins were grievous。 Among the

tender green leaves of beautiful cherry…trees you and your fellows

assembled; and there made ugliness extraordinary; and the expectant eyes of

the people; who came from far away to admire the beauty of those

cherry…trees; were hurt by the sight of you。 And of things even more

hateful than this you were guilty。 You knew that poor; poor men and women

had been cultivating daikon (2) in their fields; toiling under the hot

sun till their hearts were filled with bitterness by reason of having to

care for that daikon; and you persuaded your companions to go with you; and

to gather upon the leaves of that daikon; and on the leaves of other

vegetables planted by those poor people。 Out of your greediness you ravaged

those leaves; and gnawed them into all shapes of ugliness; caring nothing

for the trouble of those poor folk。。。 Yes; such a creature you were; and

such were your doings。





〃And now that you have a comely form; you despise your old comrades; the

insects; and; whenever you happen to meet any of them; you pretend not to

know them 'literally; 'You make an I…don't…know face''。  Now you want to

have none but wealthy and exalted people for friends。。。 Ah! You have

forgotten the old times; have you?





〃It is true that many people have forgotten your past; and are charmed by

the sight of your present graceful shape and white wings; and write Chinese

verses and Japanese verses about you。 The high…born damsel; who could not

bear even to look at you in your former shape; now gazes at you with

delight; and wants you to perch upon her hairpin; and holds out her dainty

fan in the hope that you will light upon it。 But this reminds me that there

is an ancient Chinese story about you; which is not pretty。





〃In the time of the Emperor Genso; the Imperial Palace contained hundreds

and thousands of beautiful ladies; so many; indeed; that it would have

been difficult for any man to decide which among them was the loveliest。

So all of those beautiful persons were assembled together in one place; and

you were set free to fly among them; and it was decreed that the damsel

upon whose hairpin you perched should be augustly summoned to the Imperial

Chamber。 In
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