《the high price of bullion》

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the high price of bullion- 第14部分


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stated by Mr Pearse; and of two millions if Mr Pearse's statement



for any time in January; 1808; be correct。



    Mr Pearse's statement too; that from January 1803; to the end



of 1807; the amount of bank…notes had increased from 16 and a



half to eighteen millions; an increase of a million and a half



appears to me to exceed the fact by half a million。 The increase



of notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including bank post bills; did not;



during that period; exceed 150;000 l。 It is material that these



errors should be pointed out; that those who may; in spite of



what I have urged; agree in principle with Mr Pearse; may see



that the facts of the case do not warrant the conclusions which



that gentleman has drawn from them; and; indeed; that all



calculations founded on the particular amount of banknotes for a



day; or for a week; when the general average has been for some



time before; or some time after; greater or less; will be of



little avail in overturning a theory which has every other proof



of its tuth。 Such I consider the theory which asserts that the



unlimited multiplication of a currency which is referrible to no



fixed standard may and must produce a permanent depression of the



exchange; estimated with a country whose currency is founded on



such standard。



    Having considered the weight which ought to be attached to Mr



Pearse's paper; I beg the reader's attention to the table which I



have drawn out from the statements in tbe Bullion Report; and



from the papers which have since been presented to the House of



Commons。 I request him to compare the amount of the circulation



of the larger notes with the variations in the exchange; and I



trust he will find no difficulty in reconciling the principle



maintained by me with the actual facts of the case; particularly



if he considers that the operations of an increased currency are



not instantaneous; but require some interval of time to produce



their full effect; … that a rise or fal1 in the price of silver;



as compared with gold; alters the relative value of the



currencies of England and Hamburgh; and therefore makes the



currency of one or other relatively redundant and cheap;…that the



same effect is produced; as I have already stated; by an abundant



or deficient harvest; either in this country or in those



countries with which we trade; or by any other addition or



diminution to their real wealth; which by altering the relative



proportion between commodities and money alters the value of the



circulating medium。 With these corrections; I have no fear but



that it will be found that Mr Pearse's objections may be refuted



without having recourse to the abandonment of a principle; which;



if yielded; will establish the mercantile theory of exchange; and



may be made to account for a drain of circulating medium; so



great; that it can only be counteracted by locking up our money



in the bank; and absolving the directors from the obligation of



paying their notes in specie。







Mr Pearse's statement; as presented to the Bullion Committee:







            Total of Bank Notes; Millions; Rate of Hambro'



Exchange







17th February; 1797; 8 1/2; 35s 6g



Rose Gradually in 1797 and 1798 to; 13; 38s 0g



March 1799; 13 1/2; 37s 7g



After this period; great commercial distress; large importation



of corn; heavy subsidies; and the Hambro' Exchange continued



falling; and on the 2d January; 1801 wasas low as;  ; 29s 8g



Between the end of the year 1799 to the end of 1802; an increased



quantity of 1 l。 and 2 l。 notes were issued; swelling the sum



total to all notes to; 13 1/2 to 16 1/2; Fluctuation from 33s 3g



to 29s 8g



From January; 1803; to the end of 1807; 16 1/2 to 18; Fluctuation



from 32s 10g to 35s 10g



From January; 1808; to Christmas 1809; 17 1/2 to 18; Fall from



34s 9g to 28s 6g







The rate of the Hambro' Exchange is taken from Lloyd's list。







I have omitted as much of Mr Pearse's paper as regarded the



amount of bank notes in circulation before the restriction on



bank payments; because whilst the public possessed the power of



obtaining specie for their notes; the exchange could not put be



momentarily lowered by the amount of the bank issues。











    The average amount of bank notes from the year 1797 to 1809



inclusive; in the following table; is copied from the Report of



the Bullion Committee。 The rates of exchange are extracted from a



list presented by the mint to parliament。 There have been three



returns made to parliament by the Bank; of the amount of their



notes in circulation in the year 1810; the first for the 7th and



12th of each month; the second a weekly return from the 19th



January; 1810; to 28th December; and the third also a weekly



account from the 3d March to 29th December; 1810。 The average



amount of notes above 5 l。 including bank post bills; according



to the first account is







                *15;706;226 of notes under 5 l。  *6;560;674



 Second。。。       16;192;110                       6;758;895



 Third。。。        16;358;230                       6;614;721







              3) 48;256;566                      19;934;290







 General average 16;085;522                       6;644;763







    In the years marked thus * the value of silver as compared



with gold exceeded the mint valuation;…this was the case



particularly in the year 1801; when less than 14 oz。 of silver



could purchase an ounce of gold; … the mint valuation is as 1 to



15。07; the present market value is as 1 to 16 nearly。







Average amount of Bank of England Notes in circulation in each of



the following years:







Notes of 5 l。 and upwards; including Bank Post Bills; Notes under



5 l。; Total; Highest rate of Exchange with Hamburgh; Lowest rate



of Exchange with Hamburgh







1798; *11;527;250; *1;807;502; *13;334;752; 38。2 Jan。; 37。4 Dec。



1799;  12;408;522;  1;653;805;  14;062;327; 37。7 Jan。; 31。6 Oct。



1800;  13;598;666;  2;243;266;  15;841;932; 32。5 May; 31。0 Feb。



1801;  13;454;367;  2;715;182;  16;169;594; 31。8 Oct。; 29。8 Jan。



1802;  13;917;977;  3;136;477;  17;054;454; 34。0 Dec。; 32。0 Feb。



1803;  12;983;477;  3;864;045;  16;847;511; 35。0 Dec。; 34。0 Jan。



1804;  12;621;348;  4;723;672;  17;345;020; 36。0 Dec。; 34。8 Feb。



1805;  12;697;352;  4;544;580;  17;241;932; 35。8 March; 32。8 Feb。



1806;  12;844;170;  4;291;230;  17;135;400; 34。8 Dec。; 33。3 Jan。



1807;  13;221;988;  4;183;013;  17;405;001; 34。1 March; 34。2



Sept。



1808;  13;402;160;  4;132;420;  17;534;580; 35。3 July; 32。4 Dec。



1809;  14;133;615;  4;868;275;  19;001;890; 31。3 Jan。; 28。6 Nov。



1810;  16;085;522;  6;644;763;  22;730;285; 31。2 June; 28。6 Dec。



1811;                                     ; 26。6 Jan。; 24。0 March







The Bank have made a return of the amount of their notes for



eighteen days in this present year 1811。 The average amount of



notes of 5 l。 and upwards in circulation for those eighteen days;



including bank post bills; is *16;286;950



And of those under 5 l。 *7;260;575



Total   *23;547;525











    〃If;〃 say the Reviewers; 〃considerable portions of the



currency were taken from the idle; and those who live upon fixed



incomes; and transferred to farmers; manufacturers; and



merchants; … the proportion between capital and revenue would be



greatly altered to the advantage of capital; and in a short time



the produce of the country would be greatly augmented。〃 It is no



doubt true 〃 that it is not the quantity〃 of circulating medium



which adds to the national wealth; 〃but the different



distribution of it。〃 If; therefore; we could be fully assured



that the effects of the abundance; and the consequent



depreciation of the currency; would diminish the powers of



consumption in the idle and unproductive class; whilst it



increased the number of the industrious and productive class; the



effect would undoubtedly be to augment the national wealth; as it



would realize into capital that which was before expended as



revenue。 But the question is; will it so operate? Will not a



thousand pounds saved by the stockholder from his income and lent



to the farmer; be equally productive as if it had been saved by



the farmer himself? The Reviewers observe; 〃On every fresh issue



of notes; not only is the quantity of the circulating medium



increased; but the distribution of the whole mass is altered。 A



large proportion falls into the hands of those who consume and



produce; and a smaller proportion into the hands of those who



only consume。〃 But is this necessarily so? They appear to take it



for granted; that those who live on fixed incomes must consume



the whole of their income; and that no part of it can be saved



and annually added to capital。 But this is very far from being



the true state of the case; and I would ask; Do not the



stockholders give as great a stimulus to the growth of the



national wealth by saving half their incomes and investing it in



the stocks; thereby liberating a capital which will ultimately be



employed by those who consume and produce; as would be done if



their incomes were depreciated 50 per cent by the issues of



bank…notes; and the power of saving were in consequence entirely



taken from them; although the Bank should lend to an industrious



man an amount of notes equal in value to the diminished income of



the stockholder? The difference; and the only difference appea
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