phaedo- 第1部分

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　360　BC



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PHAEDO



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　Plato



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　translated　by　Benjamin　Jowett



　　　　　PERSONS　OF　THE　DIALOGUE







　　PHAEDO；　who　is　the　narrator　of　the　dialogue　to　ECHECRATES　of　Phlius



　　SOCRATES



　　APOLLODORUS



　　SIMMIAS



　　CEBES



　　CRITO



　　ATTENDANT　OF　THE　PRISON



PHAEDO



　　　　　SCENE：　The　Prison　of　Socrates



　　　　　PLACE　OF　THE　NARRATION：　Phlius







　　Echecrates。　Were　you　yourself；　Phaedo；　in　the　prison　with　Socrates



on　the　day　when　he　drank　the　poison？



　　Phaedo。　Yes；　Echecrates；　I　was。



　　Ech。　I　wish　that　you　would　tell　me　about　his　death。　What　did　he



say　in　his　last　hours？　We　were　informed　that　he　died　by　taking　poison；



but　no　one　knew　anything　more；　for　no　Phliasian　ever　goes　to　Athens



now；　and　a　long　time　has　elapsed　since　any　Athenian　found　his　way　to



Phlius；　and　therefore　we　had　no　clear　account。



　　Phaed。　Did　you　not　hear　of　the　proceedings　at　the　trial？



　　Ech。　Yes；　someone　told　us　about　the　trial；　and　we　could　not



understand　why；　having　been　condemned；　he　was　put　to　death；　as



appeared；　not　at　the　time；　but　long　afterwards。　What　was　the　reason　of



this？



　　Phaed。　An　accident；　Echecrates。　The　reason　was　that　the　stern　of　the



ship　which　the　Athenians　send　to　Delos　happened　to　have　been　crowned



on　the　day　before　he　was　tried。



　　Ech。　What　is　this　ship？



　　Phaed。　This　is　the　ship　in　which；　as　the　Athenians　say；　Theseus　went



to　Crete　when　he　took　with　him　the　fourteen　youths；　and　was　the



saviour　of　them　and　of　himself。　And　they　were　said　to　have　vowed　to



Apollo　at　the　time；　that　if　they　were　saved　they　would　make　an



annual　pilgrimage　to　Delos。　Now　this　custom　still　continues；　and　the



whole　period　of　the　voyage　to　and　from　Delos；　beginning　when　the



priest　of　Apollo　crowns　the　stern　of　the　ship；　is　a　holy　season；



during　which　the　city　is　not　allowed　to　be　polluted　by　public



executions；　and　often；　when　the　vessel　is　detained　by　adverse　winds；



there　may　be　a　very　considerable　delay。　As　I　was　saying；　the　ship



was　crowned　on　the　day　before　the　trial；　and　this　was　the　reason　why



Socrates　lay　in　prison　and　was　not　put　to　death　until　long　after　he



was　condemned。



　　Ech。　What　was　the　manner　of　his　death；　Phaedo？　What　was　said　or



done？　And　which　of　his　friends　had　he　with　him？　Or　were　they　not



allowed　by　the　authorities　to　be　present？　And　did　he　die　alone？



　　Phaed。　No；　there　were　several　of　his　friends　with　him。



　　Ech。　If　you　have　nothing　to　do；　I　wish　that　you　would　tell　me　what



passed；　as　exactly　as　you　can。



　　Phaed。　I　have　nothing　to　do；　and　will　try　to　gratify　your　wish。



For　to　me；　too；　there　is　no　greater　pleasure　than　to　have　Socrates



brought　to　my　recollection；　whether　I　speak　myself　or　hear　another



speak　of　him。



　　Ech。　You　will　have　listeners　who　are　of　the　same　mind　with　you；



and　I　hope　that　you　will　be　as　exact　as　you　can。



　　Phaed。　I　remember　the　strange　feeling　which　came　over　me　at　being



with　him。　For　I　could　hardly　believe　that　I　was　present　at　the　death



of　a　friend；　and　therefore　I　did　not　pity　him；　Echecrates；　his　mien



and　his　language　were　so　noble　and　fearless　in　the　hour　of　death



that　to　me　he　appeared　blessed。　I　thought　that　in　going　to　the　other



world　he　could　not　be　without　a　divine　call；　and　that　he　would　be



happy；　if　any　man　ever　was；　when　he　arrived　there；　and　therefore　I　did



not　pity　him　as　might　seem　natural　at　such　a　time。　But　neither　could　I



feel　the　pleasure　which　I　usually　felt　in　philosophical　discourse　（for



philosophy　was　the　theme　of　which　we　spoke）。　I　was　pleased；　and　I



was　also　pained；　because　I　knew　that　he　was　soon　to　die；　and　this



strange　mixture　of　feeling　was　shared　by　us　all；　we　were　laughing



and　weeping　by　turns；　especially　the　excitable　Apollodorus…you　know



the　sort　of　man？



　　Ech。　Yes。



　　Phaed。　He　was　quite　overcome；　and　I　myself　and　all　of　us　were



greatly　moved。



　　Ech。　Who　were　present？



　　Phaed。　Of　native　Athenians　there　were；　besides　Apollodorus；



Critobulus　and　his　father　Crito；　Hermogenes；　Epigenes；　Aeschines；



and　Antisthenes；　likewise　Ctesippus　of　the　deme　of　Paeania；　Menexenus；



and　some　others；　but　Plato；　if　I　am　not　mistaken；　was　ill。



　　Ech。　Were　there　any　strangers？



　　Phaed。　Yes；　there　were；　Simmias　the　Theban；　and　Cebes；　and



Phaedondes；　Euclid　and　Terpison；　who　came　from　Megara。



　　Ech。　And　was　Aristippus　there；　and　Cleombrotus？



　　Phaed。　No；　they　were　said　to　be　in　Aegina。



　　Ech。　Anyone　else？



　　Phaed。　I　think　that　these　were　about　all。



　　Ech。　And　what　was　the　discourse　of　which　you　spoke？



　　Phaed。　I　will　begin　at　the　beginning；　and　endeavor　to　repeat　the



entire　conversation。　You　must　understand　that　we　had　been　previously



in　the　habit　of　assembling　early　in　the　morning　at　the　court　in



which　the　trial　was　held；　and　which　is　not　far　from　the　prison。



There　we　remained　talking　with　one　another　until　the　opening　of　the



prison　doors　（for　they　were　not　opened　very　early）；　and　then　went　in



and　generally　passed　the　day　with　Socrates。　On　the　last　morning　the



meeting　was　earlier　than　usual；　this　was　owing　to　our　having　heard



on　the　previous　evening　that　the　sacred　ship　had　arrived　from　Delos；



and　therefore　we　agreed　to　meet　very　early　at　the　accustomed　place。　On



our　going　to　the　prison；　the　jailer　who　answered　the　door；　instead



of　admitting　us；　came　out　and　bade　us　wait　and　he　would　call　us。



〃For　the　Eleven；〃　he　said；　〃are　now　with　Socrates；　they　are　taking　off



his　chains；　and　giving　orders　that　he　is　to　die　to…day。〃　He　soon



returned　and　said　that　we　might　come　in。　On　entering　we　found　Socrates



just　released　from　chains；　and　Xanthippe；　whom　you　know；　sitting　by



him；　and　holding　his　child　in　her　arms。　When　she　saw　us　she　uttered



a　cry　and　said；　as　women　will：　〃O　Socrates；　this　is　the　last　time　that



either　you　will　converse　with　your　friends；　or　they　with　you。〃



Socrates　turned　to　Crito　and　said：　〃Crito；　let　someone　take　her　home。〃



Some　of　Crito's　people　accordingly　led　her　away；　crying　out　and



beating　herself。　And　when　she　was　gone；　Socrates；　sitting　up　on　the



couch；　began　to　bend　and　rub　his　leg；　saying；　as　he　rubbed：　〃How



singular　is　the　thing　called　pleasure；　and　how　curiously　related　to



pain；　which　might　be　thought　to　be　the　opposite　of　it；　for　they



never　come　to　a　man　together；　and　yet　he　who　pursues　either　of　them　is



generally　compelled　to　take　the　other。　They　are　two；　and　yet　they　grow



together　out　of　one　head　or　stem；　and　I　cannot　help　thinking　that　if



Aesop　had　noticed　them；　he　would　have　made　a　fable　about　God　trying　to



reconcile　their　strife；　and　when　he　could　not；　he　fastened　their　heads



together；　and　this　is　the　reason　why　when　one　comes　the　other　follows；



as　I　find　in　my　own　case　pleasure　comes　following　after　the　pain　in　my



leg；　which　was　caused　by　the　chain。〃



　　Upon　this　Cebes　said：　I　am　very　glad　indeed；　Socrates；　that　you



mentioned　the　name　of　Aesop。　For　that　reminds　me　of　a　question　which



has　been　asked　by　others；　and　was　asked　of　me　only　the　day　before



yesterday　by　Evenus　the　poet；　and　as　he　will　be　sure　to　ask　again；　you



may　as　well　tell　me　what　I　should　say　to　him；　if　you　would　like　him　to



have　an　answer。　He　wanted　to　know　why　you　who　never　before　wrote　a



line　of　poetry；　now　that　you　are　in　prison　are　putting　Aesop　into



verse；　and　also　composing　that　hymn　in　honor　of　Apollo。



　　Tell　him；　Cebes；　he　replied；　that　I　had　no　idea　of　rivalling　him



or　his　poems；　which　is　the　truth；　for　I　knew　that　I　could　not　do　that。



But　I　wanted　to　see　whether　I　could　purge　away　a　scruple　which　I



felt　about　certain　dreams。　In　the　course　of　my　life　I　have　often　had



intimations　in　dreams　〃that　I　should　make　music。〃　The　same　dream



came　to　me　sometimes　in　one　form；　and　sometimes　in　another；　but　always



saying　the　same　or　nearly　the　same　words：　Make　and　cultivate　music；



said　the　dream。　And　hitherto　I　had　imagined　that　this　was　only



intended　to　exhort　and　encourage　me　in　the　study　of　philosophy；



which　has　always　been　the　pursuit　of　my　life；　and　is　the　noblest　and



best　of　music。　The　dream　was　bidding　me　to　do　what　I　was　already



doing；　in　the　same　way　that　the　competitor　in　a　race　is　bidden　by



the　spectators　to　run　when　he　is　already　running。　But　I　was　not



certain　of　this；　as　the　dream　might　have　meant　music　in　the　popular



sense　of　the　word；　and　being　under　sentence　of　death；　and　the　festival



giving　me　a　respite；　I　thought　that　I　should　be　safer　if　I　satisfied



the　scruple；　and；　in　obedience　to　the　dream；　composed　a　few　verses



before　I　departed。　And　first　I　made　a　hymn　in　honor　of　the　god　of



the　festival；　and　then　considering　that　a　poet；　if　he　is　really　to



be　a　poet　or　maker；　should　not　only　put　words　together　but　make



stories；　and　as　I　have　no　invention；　I　took　some　fables　of　esop；　which



I　had　ready　at　hand　and　knew；　and　turned　them　into　verse。　Tell



Evenus　this；　and　bid　him　be　of　good　cheer；　that　I　would　have　him



come　after　me　if　he　be　a　wise　man；　and　not　tarry；　and　that　to…day　I　am



likely　to　be　going；　for　the　Athenians　say　that　I　must。



　　Simmias　said：　What　a　message　for　such　a　man！　having　been　a



frequent　companion　of　his；　I　should　say　that；　as　far　as　I　know　him；　he



will　never　take　your　advice　unless　he　is　obliged。



　　Why；　said　Socrates；…is　not　Evenus　a　philosopher？



　　I　think　that　he　is；　said　Simmias。



　　Then　he；　or　any　man　who　has　the　spirit　of　philosophy；　will　be



willing　to　die；　though　he　will　not　take　his　own　life；　for　that　is　held



not　to　be　right。



　　Here　he　changed　his　position；　and　put　his　legs　off　the　couch　on　to



the　ground；　and　during　the　rest　of　the　conversation　he　remained



sitting。



　　Why　do　you　say；　inquired