democracy in america-1- 第97部分

In　the　United　States；　in　1830；　the　population　of　the　two　races　stood　as　follows：　…

States　where　slavery　is　abolished；　6；565；434　whites；　120；520　blacks。　Slave　States；　3；960；814　whites；　2；208；102　blacks。　　＇In　1890　the　United　States　contained　a　population　of　54；983；890　whites；　and　7；638；360　negroes。＇＇

It　is　evident　that　the　most　Southern　States　of　the　Union　cannot　abolish　slavery　without　incurring　very　great　dangers；　which　the　North　had　no　reason　to　apprehend　when　it　emancipated　its　black　population。　　We　have　already　shown　the　system　by　which　the　Northern　States　secure　the　transition　from　slavery　to　freedom；　by　keeping　the　present　generation　in　chains；　and　setting　their　descendants　free；　by　this　means　the　negroes　are　gradually　introduced　into　society；　and　whilst　the　men　who　might　abuse　their　freedom　are　kept　in　a　state　of　servitude；　those　who　are　emancipated　may　learn　the　art　of　being　free　before　they　become　their　own　masters。　　But　it　would　be　difficult　to　apply　this　method　in　the　South。　　To　declare　that　all　the　negroes　born　after　a　certain　period　shall　be　free；　is　to　introduce　the　principle　and　the　notion　of　liberty　into　the　heart　of　slavery；　the　blacks　whom　the　law　thus　maintains　in　a　state　of　slavery　from　which　their　children　are　delivered；　are　astonished　at　so　unequal　a　fate；　and　their　astonishment　is　only　the　prelude　to　their　impatience　and　irritation。　　Thenceforward　slavery　loses；　in　their　eyes；　that　kind　of　moral　power　which　it　derived　from　time　and　habit；　it　is　reduced　to　a　mere　palpable　abuse　of　force。　　The　Northern　States　had　nothing　to　fear　from　the　contrast；　because　in　them　the　blacks　were　few　in　number；　and　the　white　population　was　very　considerable。　　But　if　this　faint　dawn　of　freedom　were　to　show　two　millions　of　men　their　true　position；　the　oppressors　would　have　reason　to　tremble。　　After　having　affranchised　the　children　of　their　slaves　the　Europeans　of　the　Southern　States　would　very　shortly　be　obliged　to　extend　the　same　benefit　to　the　whole　black　population。　

Chapter　XVIII：　Future　Condition　Of　Three　Races　…　Part　V

In　the　North；　as　I　have　already　remarked；　a　twofold　migration　ensues　upon　the　abolition　of　slavery；　or　even　precedes　that　event　when　circumstances　have　rendered　it　probable；　the　slaves　quit　the　country　to　be　transported　southwards；　and　the　whites　of　the　Northern　States；　as　well　as　the　emigrants　from　Europe；　hasten　to　fill　up　their　place。　　But　these　two　causes　cannot　operate　in　the　same　manner　in　the　Southern　States。　　On　the　one　hand；　the　mass　of　slaves　is　too　great　for　any　expectation　of　their　ever　being　removed　from　the　country　to　be　entertained；　and　on　the　other　hand；　the　Europeans　and　Anglo…Americans　of　the　North　are　afraid　to　come　to　inhabit　a　country　in　which　labor　has　not　yet　been　reinstated　in　its　rightful　honors。　　Besides；　they　very　justly　look　upon　the　States　in　which　the　proportion　of　the　negroes　equals　or　exceeds　that　of　the　whites；　as　exposed　to　very　great　dangers；　and　they　refrain　from　turning　their　activity　in　that　direction。

Thus　the　inhabitants　of　the　South　would　not　be　able；　like　their　Northern　countrymen；　to　initiate　the　slaves　gradually　into　a　state　of　freedom　by　abolishing　slavery；　they　have　no　means　of　perceptibly　diminishing　the　black　population；　and　they　would　remain　unsupported　to　repress　its　excesses。　　So　that　in　the　course　of　a　few　years；　a　great　people　of　free　negroes　would　exist　in　the　heart　of　a　white　nation　of　equal　size。

The　same　abuses　of　power　which　still　maintain　slavery；　would　then　become　the　source　of　the　most　alarming　perils　which　the　white　population　of　the　South　might　have　to　apprehend。　　At　the　present　time　the　descendants　of　the　Europeans　are　the　sole　owners　of　the　land；　the　absolute　masters　of　all　labor；　and　the　only　persons　who　are　possessed　of　wealth；　knowledge；　and　arms。　　The　black　is　destitute　of　all　these　advantages；　but　he　subsists　without　them　because　he　is　a　slave。　　If　he　were　free；　and　obliged　to　provide　for　his　own　subsistence；　would　it　be　possible　for　him　to　remain　without　these　things　and　to　support　life？　　Or　would　not　the　very　instruments　of　the　present　superiority　of　the　white；　whilst　slavery　exists；　expose　him　to　a　thousand　dangers　if　it　were　abolished？　

As　long　as　the　negro　remains　a　slave；　he　may　be　kept　in　a　condition　not　very　far　removed　from　that　of　the　brutes；　but；　with　his　liberty；　he　cannot　but　acquire　a　degree　of　instruction　which　will　enable　him　to　appreciate　his　misfortunes；　and　to　discern　a　remedy　for　them。　　Moreover；　there　exists　a　singular　principle　of　relative　justice　which　is　very　firmly　implanted　in　the　human　heart。　　Men　are　much　more　forcibly　struck　by　those　inequalities　which　exist　within　the　circle　of　the　same　class；　than　with　those　which　may　be　remarked　between　different　classes。　　It　is　more　easy　for　them　to　admit　slavery；　than　to　allow　several　millions　of　citizens　to　exist　under　a　load　of　eternal　infamy　and　hereditary　wretchedness。　　In　the　North　the　population　of　freed　negroes　feels　these　hardships　and　resents　these　indignities；　but　its　numbers　and　its　powers　are　small；　whilst　in　the　South　it　would　be　numerous　and　strong。　

As　soon　as　it　is　admitted　that　the　whites　and　the　emancipated　blacks　are　placed　upon　the　same　territory　in　the　situation　of　two　alien　communities；　it　will　readily　be　understood　that　there　are　but　two　alternatives　for　the　future；　the　negroes　and　the　whites　must　either　wholly　part　or　wholly　mingle。　I　have　already　expressed　the　conviction　which　I　entertain　as　to　the　latter　event。　*r　I　do　not　imagine　that　the　white　and　black　races　will　ever　live　in　any　country　upon　an　equal　footing。　　But　I　believe　the　difficulty　to　be　still　greater　in　the　United　States　than　elsewhere。　　An　isolated　individual　may　surmount　the　prejudices　of　religion；　of　his　country；　or　of　his　race；　and　if　this　individual　is　a　king　he　may　effect　surprising　changes　in　society；　but　a　whole　people　cannot　rise；　as　it　were；　above　itself。　　A　despot　who　should　subject　the　Americans　and　their　former　slaves　to　the　same　yoke；　might　perhaps　succeed　in　commingling　their　races；　but　as　long　as　the　American　democracy　remains　at　the　head　of　affairs；　no　one　will　undertake　so　difficult　a　task；　and　it　may　be　foreseen　that　the　freer　the　white　population　of　the　United　States　becomes；　the　more　isolated　will　it　remain。　*s　

＇Footnote　r：　This　opinion　is　sanctioned　by　authorities　infinitely　weightier　than　anything　that　I　can　say：　thus；　for　instance；　it　is　stated　in　the　〃Memoirs　of　Jefferson〃　（as　collected　by　M。　Conseil）；　〃Nothing　is　more　clearly　written　in　the　book　of　destiny　than　the　emancipation　of　the　blacks；　and　it　is　equally　certain　that　the　two　races　will　never　live　in　a　state　of　equal　freedom　under　the　same　government；　so　insurmountable　are　the　barriers　which　nature；　habit；　and　opinions　have　established　between　them。〃＇

＇Footnote　s：　If　the　British　West　India　planters　had　governed　themselves；　they　would　assuredly　not　have　passed　the　Slave　Emancipation　Bill　which　the　mother…country　has　recently　imposed　upon　them。＇

I　have　previously　observed　that　the　mixed　race　is　the　true　bond　of　union　between　the　Europeans　and　the　Indians；　just　so　the　mulattoes　are　the　true　means　of　transition　between　the　white　and　the　negro；　so　that　wherever　mulattoes　abound；　the　intermixture　of　the　two　races　is　not　impossible。　　In　some　parts　of　America；　the　European　and　the　negro　races　are　so　crossed　by　one　another；　that　it　is　rare　to　meet　with　a　man　who　is　entirely　black；　or　entirely　white：　when　they　are　arrived　at　this　point；　the　two　races　may　really　be　said　to　be　combined；　or　rather　to　have　been　absorbed　in　a　third　race；　which　is　connected　with　both　without　being　identical　with　either。

Of　all　the　Europeans　the　English　are　those　who　have　mixed　least　with　the　negroes。　　More　mulattoes　are　to　be　seen　in　the　South　of　the　Union　than　in　the　North；　but　still　they　are　infinitely　more　scarce　than　in　any　other　European　colony：　mulattoes　are　by　no　means　numerous　in　the　United　States；　they　have　no　force　peculiar　to　themselves；　and　when　quarrels　originating　in　differences　of　color　take　place；　they　generally　side　with　the　whites；　just　as　the　lackeys　of　the　great；　in　Europe；　assume　the　contemptuous　airs　of　nobility　to　the　lower　orders。

The　pride　of　origin；　which　is　natural　to　the　English；　is　singularly　augmented　by　the　personal　pride　which　democratic　liberty　fosters　amongst　the　Americans：　the　white　citizen　of　the　United　States　is　proud　of　his　race；　and　proud　of　himself。　　But　if　the　whites　and　the　negroes　do　not　intermingle　in　the　North　of　the　Union；　how　should　they　mix　in　the　South？　　Can　it　be　supposed　for　an　instant；　that　an　American　of　the　Southern　States；　placed；　as　he　must　forever　be；　between　the　white　man　with　all　his　physical　and　moral　superiority　and　the　negro；　will　ever　think　of　preferring　the　latter？　　The　Americans　of　the　Southern　States　have　two　powerful　passions　which　will　always　keep　them　aloof；　the　first　is　the　fear　of　being　assimilated　to　the　negroes；　their　former　slaves；　and　the　second　the　dread　of　sinking　below　the　whites；　their　neighbors。　

If　I　were　called　upon　to　predict　what　will　probably　occur　at　some　future　time；　I　should　say；　that　the　abolition　of　slavery　in　the　South　will；　in　the　common　course　of　things；　increase　the　repugnance　of　the　white　population　for　the　men　of　color。　　I　found　this　opinion　upon　the　analogous　observation　which　I　already　had　occasion　to　make　in　the　North。　　I　there　remarked　that　the　white　inhabitants　of　the　North　avoid　the　negroes　with　increasing　care；　in　proportion　as　the　legal　barriers　of　separation　are　removed　by　the　legislature；　and　why　should　not　the　same　result　take　place　in　the　South？　　In　the　North；　the　whites　are　deterred　from　intermingling　with　the　blacks　by　the　fear　of　an　imaginary　danger；　in　the　South；　where　the　danger　would　be　real；　I　cannot　imagine　that　the　fear　would　be　less　general。

If；　on　the　one　hand；　it　be　admitted　（and　the　fact　is　unquestionable）　that　the　colored　population　perpetually　accumulates　in　the　extreme　South；　and　that　it　increases　more　rapidly　than　that　of　the　whites；　and　if；　on　the　other　hand；　it　be　allowed　that　it　is　impossible　to　foresee　a　time　at　which　the　whites　and　the　blacks　will　be　so　intermingled　as　to　derive　the　same　benefits　from　society；　must　it　not　be　inferred　that　the　blacks　and　the　whites　will；　sooner