early education。
Chapter XVII： Principal Causes Maintaining The Democratic Republic … Part II
Influence Of The Laws Upon The Maintenance Of The Democratic Republic In The United States
Three principal causes of the maintenance of the democratic republic … Federal Constitutions … Municipal institutions … Judicial power。
The principal aim of this book has been to make known the laws of the United States； if this purpose has been accomplished； the reader is already enabled to judge for himself which are the laws that really tend to maintain the democratic republic； and which endanger its existence。 If I have not succeeded in explaining this in the whole course of my work； I cannot hope to do so within the limits of a single chapter。 It is not my intention to retrace the path I have already pursued； and a very few lines will suffice to recapitulate what I have previously explained。
Three circumstances seem to me to contribute most powerfully to the maintenance of the democratic republic in the United States。
The first is that Federal form of Government which the Americans have adopted； and which enables the Union to combine the power of a great empire with the security of a small State。
The second consists in those municipal institutions which limit the despotism of the majority； and at the same time impart a taste for freedom and a knowledge of the art of being free to the people。
The third is to be met with in the constitution of the judicial power。 I have shown in what manner the courts of justice serve to repress the excesses of democracy； and how they check and direct the impulses of the majority without stopping its activity。
Influence Of Manners Upon The Maintenance Of The Democratic Republic In The United States
I have previously remarked that the manners of the people may be considered as one of the general causes to which the maintenance of a democratic republic in the United States is attributable。 I here used the word manners with the meaning which the ancients attached to the word mores； for I apply it not only to manners in their proper sense of what constitutes the character of social intercourse； but I extend it to the various notions and opinions current among men； and to the mass of those ideas which constitute their character of mind。 I comprise； therefore； under this term the whole moral and intellectual condition of a people。 My intention is not to draw a picture of American manners； but simply to point out such features of them as are favorable to the maintenance of political institutions。
Religion Considered As A Political Institution； Which Powerfully Contributes To The Maintenance Of The Democratic Republic Amongst The Americans
North America peopled by men who professed a democratic and republican Christianity … Arrival of the Catholics … For what reason the Catholics form the most democratic and the most republican class at the present time。
Every religion is to be found in juxtaposition to a political opinion which is connected with it by affinity。 If the human mind be left to follow its own bent； it will regulate the temporal and spiritual institutions of society upon one uniform principle； and man will endeavor； if I may use the expression； to harmonize the state in which he lives upon earth with the state which he believes to await him in heaven。 The greatest part of British America was peopled by men who； after having shaken off the authority of the Pope； acknowledged no other religious supremacy； they brought with them into the New World a form of Christianity which I cannot better describe than by styling it a democratic and republican religion。 This sect contributed powerfully to the establishment of a democracy and a republic； and from the earliest settlement of the emigrants politics and religion contracted an alliance which has never been dissolved。
About fifty years ago Ireland began to pour a Catholic population into the United States； on the other hand； the Catholics of America made proselytes； and at the present moment more than a million of Christians professing the truths of the Church of Rome are to be met with in the Union。 *d The Catholics are faithful to the observances of their religion； they are fervent and zealous in the support and belief of their doctrines。 Nevertheless they constitute the most republican and the most democratic class of citizens which exists in the United States； and although this fact may surprise the observer at first； the causes by which it is occasioned may easily be discovered upon reflection。
＇Footnote d： ＇It is difficult to ascertain with accuracy the amount of the Roman Catholic population of the United States； but in 1868 an able writer in the 〃Edinburgh Review〃 （vol。 cxxvii。 p。 521） affirmed that the whole Catholic population of the United States was then about 4；000；000； divided into 43 dioceses； with 3；795 churches； under the care of 45 bishops and 2；317 clergymen。 But this rapid increase is mainly supported by immigration from the Catholic countries of Europe。＇＇
I think that the Catholic religion has erroneously been looked upon as the natural enemy of democracy。 Amongst the various sects of Christians； Catholicism seems to me； on the contrary； to be one of those which are most favorable to the equality of conditions。 In the Catholic Church； the religious community is composed of only two elements； the priest and the people。 The priest alone rises above the rank of his flock； and all below him are equal。
On doctrinal points the Catholic faith places all human capacities upon the same level； it subjects the wise and ignorant； the man of genius and the vulgar crowd； to the details of the same creed； it imposes the same observances upon the rich and needy； it inflicts the same austerities upon the strong and the weak； it listens to no compromise with mortal man； but； reducing all the human race to the same standard； it confounds all the distinctions of society at the foot of the same altar； even as they are confounded in the sight of God。 If Catholicism predisposes the faithful to obedience； it certainly does not prepare them for inequality； but the contrary may be said of Protestantism； which generally tends to make men independent； more than to render them equal。
Catholicism is like an absolute monarchy； if the sovereign be removed； all the other classes of society are more equal than they are in republics。 It has not unfrequently occurred that the Catholic priest has left the service of the altar to mix with the governing powers of society； and to take his place amongst the civil gradations of men。 This religious influence has sometimes been used to secure the interests of that political state of things to which he belonged。 At other times Catholics have taken the side of aristocracy from a spirit of religion。
But no sooner is the priesthood entirely separated from the government； as is the case in the United States； than is found that no class of men are more naturally disposed than the Catholics to transfuse the doctrine of the equality of conditions into the political world。 If； then； the Catholic citizens of the United States are not forcibly led by the nature of their tenets to adopt democratic and republican principles； at least they are not necessarily opposed to them； and their social position； as well as their limited number； obliges them to adopt these opinions。 Most of the Catholics are poor； and they have no chance of taking a part in the government unless it be open to all the citizens。 They constitute a minority； and all rights must be respected in order to insure to them the free exercise of their own privileges。 These two causes induce them； unconsciously； to adopt political doctrines； which they would perhaps support with less zeal if they were rich and preponderant。
The Catholic clergy of the United States has never attempted to oppose this political tendency； but it seeks rather to justify its results。 The priests in America have divided the intellectual world into two parts： in the one they place the doctrines of revealed religion； which command their assent； in the other they leave those truths which they believe to have been freely left open to the researches of political inquiry。 Thus the Catholics of the United States are at the same time the most faithful believers and the most zealous citizens。
It may be asserted that in the United States no religious doctrine displays the slightest hostility to democratic and republican institutions。 The clergy of all the different sects hold the same language； their opinions are consonant to the laws； and the human intellect flows onwards in one sole current。
I happened to be staying in one of the largest towns in the Union； when I was invited to attend a public meeting which had been called for the purpose of assisting the Poles； and of sending them supplies of arms and money。 I found two or three thousand persons collected in a vast hall which had been prepared to receive them。 In a short time a priest in his ecclesiastical robes advanced to the front of the hustings： the spectators rose； and stood uncovered； whilst he spoke in the following terms： …
〃Almighty God！ the God of Armies！ Thou who didst strengthen the hearts and guide the arms of our fathers when they were fighting for the sacred rights of national independence； Thou who didst make them triumph over a hateful oppression； and hast granted to our people the benefits of liberty and peace； Turn； O Lord； a favorable eye upon the other hemisphere； pitifully look down upon that heroic nation which is even now struggling as we did in the former time； and for the same rights which we defended with our blood。 Thou； who didst create Man in the likeness of the same image； let not tyranny mar Thy work； and establish inequality upon the earth。 Almighty God！ do Thou watch over the destiny of the Poles； and render them worthy to be free。 May Thy wisdom direct their councils； and may Thy strength sustain their arms！ Shed forth Thy terror over their enemies； scatter the powers which take counsel against them； and vouchsafe that the injustice which the world has witnessed for fifty years； be not consummated in our time。 O Lord； who holdest alike the he