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Chapter¡¡VIII£º¡¡The¡¡Federal¡¡Constitution¡¡¡­¡¡Part¡¡I

I¡¡have¡¡hitherto¡¡considered¡¡each¡¡State¡¡as¡¡a¡¡separate¡¡whole£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡explained¡¡the¡¡different¡¡springs¡¡which¡¡the¡¡people¡¡sets¡¡in¡¡motion£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡different¡¡means¡¡of¡¡action¡¡which¡¡it¡¡employs¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡all¡¡the¡¡States¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡independent¡¡are¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡submit£»¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡cases£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡time¡¡is¡¡now¡¡come¡¡for¡¡me¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡separately¡¡the¡¡supremacy¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡has¡¡been¡¡invested£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡cast¡¡a¡¡rapid¡¡glance¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Constitution¡£

Chapter¡¡Summary

Origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Union¡¡¡­¡¡Its¡¡weakness¡¡¡­¡¡Congress¡¡appeals¡¡to¡¡the¡¡constituent¡¡authority¡¡¡­¡¡Interval¡¡of¡¡two¡¡years¡¡between¡¡this¡¡appeal¡¡and¡¡the¡¡promulgation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Constitution¡£

History¡¡Of¡¡The¡¡Federal¡¡Constitution


The¡¡thirteen¡¡colonies¡¡which¡¡simultaneously¡¡threw¡¡off¡¡the¡¡yoke¡¡of¡¡England¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century¡¡professed£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡observed£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡religion£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡language£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡customs£»¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡the¡¡same¡¡laws£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡struggling¡¡against¡¡a¡¡common¡¡enemy£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡reasons¡¡were¡¡sufficiently¡¡strong¡¡to¡¡unite¡¡them¡¡one¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡consolidate¡¡them¡¡into¡¡one¡¡nation¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡as¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡enjoyed¡¡a¡¡separate¡¡existence¡¡and¡¡a¡¡government¡¡within¡¡its¡¡own¡¡control£»¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡interests¡¡and¡¡customs¡¡which¡¡resulted¡¡from¡¡this¡¡system¡¡were¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡a¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡intimate¡¡union¡¡which¡¡would¡¡have¡¡absorbed¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡each¡¡in¡¡the¡¡general¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡arose¡¡two¡¡opposite¡¡tendencies£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡prompting¡¡the¡¡Anglo¡­Americans¡¡to¡¡unite£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡to¡¡divide¡¡their¡¡strength¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡war¡¡with¡¡the¡¡mother¡­country¡¡lasted¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡union¡¡was¡¡kept¡¡alive¡¡by¡¡necessity£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡constituted¡¡it¡¡were¡¡defective£»¡¡the¡¡common¡¡tie¡¡subsisted¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡their¡¡imperfections¡£¡¡*a¡¡But¡¡no¡¡sooner¡¡was¡¡peace¡¡concluded¡¡than¡¡the¡¡faults¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legislation¡¡became¡¡manifest£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡State¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡suddenly¡¡dissolved¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡colony¡¡became¡¡an¡¡independent¡¡republic£»¡¡and¡¡assumed¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡sovereignty¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡federal¡¡government£»¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡impotence¡¡by¡¡its¡¡constitution£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡sustained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡common¡¡danger£»¡¡witnessed¡¡the¡¡outrages¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡its¡¡flag¡¡by¡¡the¡¡great¡¡nations¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡whilst¡¡it¡¡was¡¡scarcely¡¡able¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡its¡¡ground¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡tribes£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡debt¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡contracted¡¡during¡¡the¡¡war¡¡of¡¡independence¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡already¡¡on¡¡the¡¡verge¡¡of¡¡destruction£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡officially¡¡proclaimed¡¡its¡¡inability¡¡to¡¡conduct¡¡the¡¡government£»¡¡and¡¡appealed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡constituent¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡£¡¡*b¡¡If¡¡America¡¡ever¡¡approached¡¡£¨for¡¡however¡¡brief¡¡a¡¡time£©¡¡that¡¡lofty¡¡pinnacle¡¡of¡¡glory¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡fancy¡¡of¡¡its¡¡inhabitants¡¡is¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡point£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡at¡¡the¡¡solemn¡¡moment¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡abdicated£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were£»¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡ages¡¡have¡¡furnished¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡struggling¡¡with¡¡energy¡¡to¡¡win¡¡its¡¡independence£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡efforts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡in¡¡throwing¡¡off¡¡the¡¡English¡¡yoke¡¡have¡¡been¡¡considerably¡¡exaggerated¡£¡¡Separated¡¡from¡¡their¡¡enemies¡¡by¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡ocean£»¡¡and¡¡backed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡powerful¡¡ally£»¡¡the¡¡success¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡may¡¡be¡¡more¡¡justly¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡geographical¡¡position¡¡than¡¡to¡¡the¡¡valor¡¡of¡¡their¡¡armies¡¡or¡¡the¡¡patriotism¡¡of¡¡their¡¡citizens¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡ridiculous¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡American¡¡was¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wars¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡Revolution£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡efforts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡when¡¡they¡¡were¡¡attacked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡without¡¡credit¡¡and¡¡without¡¡allies£»¡¡yet¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡opposing¡¡a¡¡twentieth¡¡part¡¡of¡¡their¡¡population¡¡to¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡bearing¡¡the¡¡torch¡¡of¡¡revolution¡¡beyond¡¡their¡¡frontiers¡¡whilst¡¡they¡¡stifled¡¡its¡¡devouring¡¡flame¡¡within¡¡the¡¡bosom¡¡of¡¡their¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡novelty¡¡in¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡society¡¡to¡¡see¡¡a¡¡great¡¡people¡¡turn¡¡a¡¡calm¡¡and¡¡scrutinizing¡¡eye¡¡upon¡¡itself£»¡¡when¡¡apprised¡¡by¡¡the¡¡legislature¡¡that¡¡the¡¡wheels¡¡of¡¡government¡¡are¡¡stopped£»¡¡to¡¡see¡¡it¡¡carefully¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡evil£»¡¡and¡¡patiently¡¡wait¡¡for¡¡two¡¡whole¡¡years¡¡until¡¡a¡¡remedy¡¡was¡¡discovered£»¡¡which¡¡it¡¡voluntarily¡¡adopted¡¡without¡¡having¡¡wrung¡¡a¡¡tear¡¡or¡¡a¡¡drop¡¡of¡¡blood¡¡from¡¡mankind¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡inadequacy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡discovered¡¡America¡¡possessed¡¡the¡¡double¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡that¡¡calm¡¡which¡¡had¡¡succeeded¡¡the¡¡effervescence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolution£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡those¡¡great¡¡men¡¡who¡¡had¡¡led¡¡the¡¡revolution¡¡to¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡issue¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡assembly¡¡which¡¡accepted¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡composing¡¡the¡¡second¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡small£»¡¡*c¡¡but¡¡George¡¡Washington¡¡was¡¡its¡¡President£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡contained¡¡the¡¡choicest¡¡talents¡¡and¡¡the¡¡noblest¡¡hearts¡¡which¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡national¡¡commission£»¡¡after¡¡long¡¡and¡¡mature¡¡deliberation£»¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡the¡¡acceptance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡general¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡still¡¡rules¡¡the¡¡Union¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡the¡¡States¡¡adopted¡¡it¡¡successively¡£¡¡*d¡¡The¡¡new¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡commenced¡¡its¡¡functions¡¡in¡¡1789£»¡¡after¡¡an¡¡interregnum¡¡of¡¡two¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Revolution¡¡of¡¡America¡¡terminated¡¡when¡¡that¡¡of¡¡France¡¡began¡£¡¡

£§Footnote¡¡a£º¡¡See¡¡the¡¡articles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡confederation¡¡formed¡¡in¡¡1778¡£¡¡This¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡not¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡States¡¡until¡¡1781¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡also¡¡the¡¡analysis¡¡given¡¡of¡¡this¡¡constitution¡¡in¡¡¡¨The¡¡Federalist¡¨¡¡from¡¡No¡£¡¡15¡¡to¡¡No¡£¡¡22£»¡¡inclusive£»¡¡and¡¡Story's¡¡¡¨Commentaries¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¨¡¡pp¡£¡¡85¡­115¡££§

£§Footnote¡¡b£º¡¡Congress¡¡made¡¡this¡¡declaration¡¡on¡¡February¡¡21£»¡¡1787¡££§¡¡

£§Footnote¡¡c£º¡¡It¡¡consisted¡¡of¡¡fifty¡­five¡¡members£»¡¡Washington£»¡¡Madison£»¡¡Hamilton£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡two¡¡Morrises¡¡were¡¡amongst¡¡the¡¡number¡££§¡¡

£§Footnote¡¡d£º¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡legislative¡¡bodies£»¡¡but¡¡representatives¡¡were¡¡elected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡for¡¡this¡¡sole¡¡purpose£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡new¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡discussed¡¡at¡¡length¡¡in¡¡each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡assemblies¡££§

Summary¡¡Of¡¡The¡¡Federal¡¡Constitution

Division¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡and¡¡the¡¡States¡¡¡­¡¡The¡¡Government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡is¡¡the¡¡rule£»¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡the¡¡exception¡£

The¡¡first¡¡question¡¡which¡¡awaited¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡was¡¡intricate£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡easy¡¡of¡¡solution£º¡¡the¡¡object¡¡was¡¡so¡¡to¡¡divide¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡States¡¡which¡¡composed¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡that¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡should¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡all¡¡that¡¡concerned¡¡its¡¡internal¡¡prosperity£»¡¡whilst¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡nation£»¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡should¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡compact¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡provide¡¡for¡¡the¡¡general¡¡exigencies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡as¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡beforehand£»¡¡with¡¡any¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡accuracy£»¡¡the¡¡share¡¡of¡¡authority¡¡which¡¡each¡¡of¡¡two¡¡governments¡¡was¡¡to¡¡enjoy£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡foresee¡¡all¡¡the¡¡incidents¡¡in¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡nation¡£

The¡¡obligations¡¡and¡¡the¡¡claims¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡were¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡easily¡¡definable£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡had¡¡been¡¡formed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡express¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡meeting¡¡the¡¡general¡¡exigencies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡claims¡¡and¡¡obligations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡were£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡complicated¡¡and¡¡various£»¡¡because¡¡those¡¡Governments¡¡had¡¡penetrated¡¡into¡¡all¡¡the¡¡details¡¡of¡¡social¡¡life¡£¡¡The¡¡attributes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡were¡¡therefore¡¡carefully¡¡enumerated¡¡and¡¡all¡¡that¡¡was¡¡not¡¡included¡¡amongst¡¡them¡¡was¡¡declared¡¡to¡¡constitute¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡several¡¡Governments¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡States¡¡remained¡¡the¡¡rule£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederation¡¡became¡¡the¡¡exception¡£¡¡*e

£§Footnote¡¡e£º¡¡See¡¡the¡¡Amendment¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Constitution£»¡¡¡¨Federalist£»¡¨¡¡No¡£¡¡32£»¡¡Story£»¡¡p¡£¡¡711£»¡¡Kent's¡¡¡¨Commentaries£»¡¨¡¡vol¡£¡¡i¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡364¡£

It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡whenever¡¡the¡¡exclusive¡¡right¡¡of¡¡regulating¡¡certain¡¡matters¡¡is¡¡not¡¡reserved¡¡to¡¡Congress¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡the¡¡States¡¡may¡¡take¡¡up¡¡the¡¡affair¡¡until¡¡it¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡before¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Assembly¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡Congress¡¡has¡¡the¡¡right¡¡of¡¡making¡¡a¡¡general¡¡law¡¡on¡¡bankruptcy£»¡¡which£»¡¡however£»¡¡it¡¡neglects¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡State¡¡is¡¡then¡¡at¡¡liberty¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡law¡¡for¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡point¡¡has¡¡been¡¡established¡¡by¡¡discussion¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡­courts£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡be¡¡said¡¡to¡¡belong¡¡more¡¡properly¡¡to¡¡jurisprudence¡££§¡¡

But¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡foreseen¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡practice£»¡¡questions¡¡might¡¡arise¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡this¡¡exceptional¡¡authority£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡dangerous¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡these¡¡questions¡¡to¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡established¡¡in¡¡the¡¡States¡¡by¡¡the¡¡States¡¡themselves£»¡¡a¡¡high¡¡Federal¡¡court¡¡was¡¡created£»¡¡*f¡¡which¡¡was¡¡destined£»¡¡amongst¡¡other¡¡functions£»¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡the¡¡balance¡¡of¡¡power¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡established¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡rival¡¡Governments¡£¡¡*g

£§Footnote¡¡f£º¡¡The¡¡action¡¡of¡¡this¡¡court¡¡is¡¡indirect£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡hereafter¡¡show¡££§

£§Footnote¡¡g£º¡¡It¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡that¡¡¡¨The¡¡Federalist£»¡¨¡¡No¡£¡¡45£»¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡supremacy¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡and¡¡the¡¡States£º¡¡¡¨The¡¡powers¡¡delegated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡are¡¡few¡¡and¡¡defined¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡the¡¡State¡¡Governments¡¡are¡¡numerous¡¡and¡¡indefinite¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡former¡¡will¡¡be¡¡exercised¡¡principally¡¡on¡¡external¡¡objects£»¡¡as¡¡war£»¡¡peace£»¡¡negotiation£»¡¡and¡¡foreign¡¡commerce¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡powers¡¡reserved¡¡to¡¡the¡¡several¡¡States¡¡will¡¡extend¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡course¡¡of¡¡affairs£»¡¡concern¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡order¡¡and¡¡prosperity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¨¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡often¡¡have¡¡occasion¡¡to¡¡quote¡¡¡¨The¡¡Federalist¡¨¡¡in¡¡this¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡which¡¡has¡¡since¡¡become¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡submitted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡approval¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡discussions¡¡were¡¡still¡¡pending£»¡¡three¡¡men£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡already¡¡acquired¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡that¡¡celebrity¡¡which¡¡they¡¡have¡¡since¡¡enjoyed¡¡¡­¡¡John¡¡Jay£»¡¡Hamilton£»¡¡and¡¡Madison¡¡¡­¡¡formed¡¡an¡¡association¡¡with¡¡the¡¡intention¡¡of¡¡explaining¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡the¡¡advantages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡measure¡¡which¡¡was¡¡proposed¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡this¡¡view¡¡they¡¡published¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡articles¡¡in¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡of¡¡a¡¡journal£»¡¡which¡¡now¡¡form¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡treatise¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡entitled¡¡their¡¡journal¡¡¡¨The¡¡Federalist£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡name¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡retained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡Federalist¡¨¡¡is¡¡an¡¡excellent¡¡book£»¡¡which¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡familiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡statesmen¡¡of¡¡all¡¡countries£»¡¡although¡¡it¡¡especially¡¡concerns¡¡America¡££§

Prerogative¡¡Of¡¡The¡¡Federal¡¡Government

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The¡¡external¡¡relations¡¡of¡¡a¡¡people¡¡may¡¡be¡¡compared¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡private¡¡individuals£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡advantageously¡¡maintai
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