be a Dane？〃
〃No；〃 replied the king； 〃no Danish chief would go to Norway； where he would have to manage an obstinate hard people； when he has it so easy here with me。〃
Erling： 〃It was on that very consideration that I came here； for I would not on any account in the world deprive myself of the advantage of your friendship。 In days of old other men； Hakon Ivarson and Fin Arnason； came also from Norway to Denmark； and your predecessor； King Svein； made them both earls。 Now I am not a man of less power in Norway than they were then； and my influence is not less than theirs； and the king gave them the province of Halland to rule over； which he himself had and owned before。 Now it appears to me； sire； that you； if I become your man and vassal； can allow me to hold of you the fief which my son Magnus will not deny me； by which I will be bound in duty； and ready； to undertake all the service belonging to that title。〃
Erling spoke such things； and much more in the same strain； until it came at last to this； that Erling became Valdemar's man and vassal； and the king led Erling to the earl's seat one day； and gave him the title of earl； and Viken as a fief under his rule。 Earl Erling went thereafter to Norway； and was earl afterwards as long as he lived； and also the peace with the Danish king was afterwards always preserved。 Earl Erling had four sons by his concubines。 The one was called Hreidar； the next Ogmund； and these by two different mothers： the third was called Fin； the fourth Sigurd： these were younger； and their mother was Asa the Fair。 The princess Kristin and Earl Erling had a daughter called Ragnhild； who was married to Jon Thorbergson of Randaberg。 Kristin went away from the country with a man called Grim Rusle； and they went to Constantinople； where they were for a time； and had some children。
31。 BEGINNING OF OLAF。
Olaf； a son of Gudbrand Skafhaug； and Maria； a daughter of King Eystein Magnuson； were brought up in the house of Sigurd Agnhot in the Uplands。 While Earl Erling was in Denmark （A。D。 1166）； Olaf and his foster…father gathered a troop together； and many Upland people joined them； and Olaf was chosen king by them。 They went with their bands through the Uplands； and sometimes down to Viken； and sometimes east to the forest settlements； but never came on board of ships。 Now when； Earl Erling got news of this troop； he hastened to Viken with his forces； and was there in summer in his ships； and in Oslo in autumn （A。D。 1167） and kept Yule there。 He had spies up the country after this troop； and went himself； along with Orm； the King…brother； up the country to follow them。 Now when they came to a lake called。。。。 。。。。 （1） they took all the vessels that were upon the lake。
ENDNOTES： （1） The name of the lake not given。
32。 OF ERLING。
The priest who performed divine service at a place called Rydiokul； close by the lake； invited the earl to a feast at Candlemas。 The earl promised to come； and thinking it would be good to hear mass there； he rowed with his attendants over the lake the night before Candlemas day。 But the priest had another plan on hand。 He sent men to bring Olaf news of Earl Erling's arrival。 The priest gave Erling strong drink in the evening； and let him have an excessive quantity of it。 When the earl wished to lie down and sleep； the beds were made ready in the drinking… room； but when they had slept a short time the earl awoke； and asked if it was not the hour for matins。 The priest replied； that only a small part of the night was gone； and told him to sleep in peace。 The earl replied； 〃I dream of many things to…night； and I sleep ill。〃 He slumbered again； but awoke soon； and told the priest to get up and sing mass。 The priest told the earl to sleep； and said it was but midnight。 Then the earl again lay down； slept a little while； and； springing out of bed； ordered his men to put on their clothes。 They did so； took their weapons； went to the church； and laid their arms outside while the priest was singing matins。
33。 BATTLE AT RYDIOKUL。
As Olaf got the message in the evening； they travelled in the night six miles； which people considered an extraordinarily long march。 They arrived at Rydiokul while the priest was still singing mass； and it was pitch…dark。 Olaf and his men went into the room； raised a war…shout； and killed some of the earl's men who had not gone to the early mass。 Now when Erling and his men heard the war…shout； they ran to their weapons； and hastened down to their ships。 Olaf and his men met them at a fence； at which there was a sharp conflict。 Erling and his men retreated along the fence； which protected them。 Erling had far fewer men； and many of them had fallen； and still more were wounded。 What helped Earl Erling and his men the most was； that Olaf's men could not distinguish them； it was so dark； and the earl's men were always drawing down to their ships。 Are Thorgeirson； father of Bishop Gudmund fell there； and many other of Erling's court… men。 Erling himself was wounded in the left side； but some say he did it himself in drawing his sword。 Orm the King…brother was also severely wounded； and with great difficulty they escaped to their ships； and instantly pushed off from land。 It was generally considered as a most unlucky meeting for Olaf's people； as Earl Erling was in a manner sold into their hands； if they had proceeded with common prudence。 He was afterwards called Olaf the Unlucky； but others called his people Hat…lads。 They went with their bands through the Uplands as before。 Erling again went down to Viken to his ships； and remained there all summer。 Olaf was in the Uplands； and sometimes east in the forest districts； where he and his troop remained all the next winter （A。D。 1168）。
34。 BATTLE AT STANGAR。
The following spring the Hat…lads went down to Viken； and raised the king's taxes all around； and remained there long in summer。 When Earl Erling heard this； he hastened with his troops to meet them in Viken； and fell in with them east of the Fjord； at a place called Stangar； where they had a great battle； in which Erling was victorious。 Sigurd Agnhot； and many others of Olaf's men； fell there； but Olaf escaped by flight； went south to Denmark； and was all winter （A。D。 1169） in Alaborg in Jutland。 The following spring Olaf fell into an illness which ended in death； and he was buried in the Maria church； and the Danes call him a saint。
35。 HARALD'S DEATH。
King Magnus had a lenderman called Nikolas Kufung； who was a son of Pal Skaptason。 He took Harald prisoner； who called himself a son of King Sigurd Haraldson and the princess Kristin； and a brother of King Magnus by the mother's side。 Nikolas brought Harald to Bergen； and delivered him into Earl Erling's hands。 It was Erling's custom when his enemies came before him； that he either said nothing to them； or very little； and that in all gentleness； when he had determined to put them to death； or rose with furious words against them； when he intended to spare their lives。 Erling spoke but little to Harald； and many； therefore； suspected his intentions； and some begged King Magnus to put in a good word for Harald with the earl； and the king did so。 The earl replies； 〃Thy friends advise thee badly。 Thou wouldst govern this kingdom but a short time in peace and safety； if thou wert to follow the counsels of the heart only。〃 Earl Erling ordered Harald to be taken to Nordnes； where he was beheaded。
36。 EYSTEIN EYSTEINSON AND THE BIRKEBEINS。
There was a man called Eystein； who gave himself out for a son of King Eystein Haraldson。 He was at this time young； and not full grown。 It is told of him that he one summer appeared in Svithjod； and went to Earl Birger Brosa； who was then married to Brigida； Eystein's aunt； a daughter of King Harald Gille。 Eystein explained his business to him； and asked their assistance。 Both Earl Birger and his wife listened to him in a friendly way； and promised him their confidence； and he stayed with them a while。 Earl Birger gave him some assistance of men； and a good sum for travelling expenses； and both promised him their friendship on his taking leave。 Thereafter Eystein proceeded north into Norway （A。D。 1174）； and when he came down to Viken people flocked to him in crowds； and Eystein was there proclaimed king； and he remained in Viken in winter。 As they were very poor in money； they robbed all around； wherefore the lendermen and bondes raised men against them； and being thus overpowered by numbers； they fled away to the forests and deserted hill grounds； where they lived for a long time。 Their clothes being worn out； they wound the bark of the birch…tree about their legs； and thus were called by the bondes Birkebeins。 They often rushed down upon the settled districts； pushed on here or there； and made an assault where they did not find many people to oppose them。 They had several battles with the bondes with various success； and the Birkebeins held three battles in regular array； and gained the victory in them all。 At Krokaskog they had nearly made an unlucky expedition； for a great number of bondes and men…at…arms were assembled there against them； but the Birkebeins felled brushwood across the roads； and retired into the forest。 They were two years （A。D。 1175…1176） in Viken before they showed themselves in the northern parts of the country。
37。 BIRKEBEINS； KING EYSTEIN； AND SKAKKE。
Magnus had been king for thirteen years when the Birkebeins first made their appearance。 They got themselves ships in the third summer （A。D。 1176）； with which they sailed along the coast gathering goods and men。 They were first in Viken； but when summer advanced they proceeded northwards； and so rapidly that no news preceded them until they came to Throndhjem。 The Birkebeins' troop consisted principally of hill…men and Elfgrims； and many were from Thelemark； and all were well armed。 Their king； Eystein； was a handsome man； and with a little but good countenance； and he was not of great stature； for his men called him Eystein Meyla。 King Magnus and Earl Erling were in Bergen when the Birkebeins sailed past it to the north； but they did not hear of them。
Earl Erling was a man of great understan