everything¡¡he¡¡can¡¡to¡¡get¡¡money¡£¡¡This¡¡will¡¡soon¡¡make¡¡him¡¡odious¡¡to¡¡his
subjects£»¡¡and¡¡being¡¡poor¡¡he¡¡will¡¡be¡¡little¡¡valued¡¡by¡¡any¡¡one£»¡¡thus£»
with¡¡his¡¡liberality£»¡¡having¡¡offended¡¡many¡¡and¡¡rewarded¡¡few£»¡¡he¡¡is
affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡very¡¡first¡¡trouble¡¡and¡¡imperilled¡¡by¡¡whatever¡¡may¡¡be¡¡the
first¡¡danger£»¡¡recognizing¡¡this¡¡himself£»¡¡and¡¡wishing¡¡to¡¡draw¡¡back¡¡from
it£»¡¡he¡¡runs¡¡at¡¡once¡¡into¡¡the¡¡reproach¡¡of¡¡being¡¡miserly¡£
Therefore£»¡¡a¡¡prince£»¡¡not¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to¡¡exercise¡¡this¡¡virtue¡¡of
liberality¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡recognized£»¡¡except¡¡to¡¡his¡¡cost£»¡¡if
he¡¡is¡¡wise¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡the¡¡reputation¡¡of¡¡being¡¡mean£»¡¡for¡¡in
time¡¡he¡¡will¡¡e¡¡to¡¡be¡¡more¡¡considered¡¡than¡¡if¡¡liberal£»¡¡seeing¡¡that
with¡¡his¡¡economy¡¡his¡¡revenues¡¡are¡¡enough£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡can¡¡defend¡¡himself
against¡¡all¡¡attacks£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡able¡¡to¡¡engage¡¡in¡¡enterprises¡¡without
burdening¡¡his¡¡people£»¡¡thus¡¡it¡¡es¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡that¡¡he¡¡exercises¡¡liberality
towards¡¡all¡¡from¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡does¡¡not¡¡take£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡numberless£»¡¡and¡¡meanness
towards¡¡those¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡does¡¡not¡¡give£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡few¡£
We¡¡have¡¡not¡¡seen¡¡great¡¡things¡¡done¡¡in¡¡our¡¡time¡¡except¡¡by¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have
been¡¡considered¡¡mean£»¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡have¡¡failed¡£¡¡Pope¡¡Julius¡¡the¡¡Second¡¡was
assisted¡¡in¡¡reaching¡¡the¡¡papacy¡¡by¡¡a¡¡reputation¡¡for¡¡liberality£»¡¡yet¡¡he
did¡¡not¡¡strive¡¡afterwards¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡it¡¡up£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡made¡¡war¡¡on¡¡the¡¡King¡¡of
France£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡made¡¡many¡¡wars¡¡without¡¡imposing¡¡any¡¡extraordinary¡¡tax¡¡on
his¡¡subjects£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡supplied¡¡his¡¡additional¡¡expenses¡¡out¡¡of¡¡his¡¡long
thriftiness¡£¡¡The¡¡present¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Spain¡¡would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡undertaken¡¡or
conquered¡¡in¡¡so¡¡many¡¡enterprises¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡reputed¡¡liberal¡£¡¡A
prince£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡provided¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not¡¡to¡¡rob¡¡his¡¡subjects£»¡¡that¡¡he
can¡¡defend¡¡himself£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡does¡¡not¡¡bee¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡abject£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is
not¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡rapacious£»¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡little¡¡account¡¡a
reputation¡¡for¡¡being¡¡mean£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡vices¡¡which¡¡will
enable¡¡him¡¡to¡¡govern¡£
And¡¡if¡¡any¡¡one¡¡should¡¡say£º¡¡Caesar¡¡obtained¡¡empire¡¡by¡¡liberality£»¡¡and
many¡¡others¡¡have¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡positions¡¡by¡¡having¡¡been¡¡liberal£»
and¡¡by¡¡being¡¡considered¡¡so£»¡¡I¡¡answer£º¡¡Either¡¡you¡¡are¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡in¡¡fact£»
or¡¡in¡¡a¡¡way¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡one¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡case¡¡this¡¡liberality¡¡is
dangerous£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡liberal£»
and¡¡Caesar¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡bee¡¡pre¡eminent¡¡in¡¡Rome£»
but¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had¡¡survived¡¡after¡¡being¡¡so£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡not¡¡moderated¡¡his
expenses£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡have¡¡destroyed¡¡his¡¡government¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡any¡¡one¡¡should
reply£º¡¡Many¡¡have¡¡been¡¡princes£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡done¡¡great¡¡things¡¡with¡¡armies£»
who¡¡have¡¡been¡¡considered¡¡very¡¡liberal£»¡¡I¡¡reply£º¡¡Either¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡spends
that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡his¡¡own¡¡or¡¡his¡¡subjects'¡¡or¡¡else¡¡that¡¡of¡¡others¡£¡¡In¡¡the
first¡¡case¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sparing£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡neglect
any¡¡opportunity¡¡for¡¡liberality¡£¡¡And¡¡to¡¡the¡¡price¡¡who¡¡goes¡¡forth¡¡with¡¡his
army£»¡¡supporting¡¡it¡¡by¡¡pillage£»¡¡sack£»¡¡and¡¡extortion£»¡¡handling¡¡that¡¡which
belongs¡¡to¡¡others£»¡¡this¡¡liberality¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡otherwise¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not
be¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡soldiers¡£¡¡And¡¡of¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡neither¡¡yours¡¡nor¡¡your
subjects'¡¡you¡¡can¡¡be¡¡a¡¡ready¡¡giver£»¡¡as¡¡were¡¡Cyrus£»¡¡Caesar£»¡¡and
Alexander£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡take¡¡away¡¡your¡¡reputation¡¡if¡¡you¡¡squander
that¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡but¡¡adds¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡squandering¡¡your¡¡own¡¡that
injures¡¡you¡£
And¡¡there¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡wastes¡¡so¡¡rapidly¡¡as¡¡liberality£»¡¡for¡¡even¡¡whilst
you¡¡exercise¡¡it¡¡you¡¡lose¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡bee¡¡either¡¡poor
or¡¡despised£»¡¡or¡¡else£»¡¡in¡¡avoiding¡¡poverty£»¡¡rapacious¡¡and¡¡hated¡£¡¡And¡¡a
prince¡¡should¡¡guard¡¡himself£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡things£»¡¡against¡¡being¡¡despised
and¡¡hated£»¡¡and¡¡liberality¡¡leads¡¡you¡¡to¡¡both¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡it¡¡is¡¡wiser¡¡to
have¡¡a¡¡reputation¡¡for¡¡meanness¡¡which¡¡brings¡¡reproach¡¡without¡¡hatred£»
than¡¡to¡¡be¡¡pelled¡¡through¡¡seeking¡¡a¡¡reputation¡¡for¡¡liberality¡¡to
incur¡¡a¡¡name¡¡for¡¡rapacity¡¡which¡¡begets¡¡reproach¡¡with¡¡hatred¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XVII
CONCERNING¡¡CRUELTY¡¡AND¡¡CLEMENCY£»¡¡AND¡¡WHETHER¡¡IT¡¡IS¡¡BETTER¡¡TO¡¡BE¡¡LOVED
THAN¡¡FEARED
ING¡¡now¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡qualities¡¡mentioned¡¡above£»¡¡I¡¡say¡¡that¡¡every
prince¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡clement¡¡and¡¡not¡¡cruel¡£
Nevertheless¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡take¡¡care¡¡not¡¡to¡¡misuse¡¡this¡¡clemency¡£¡¡Cesare
Borgia¡¡was¡¡considered¡¡cruel£»¡¡notwithstanding£»¡¡his¡¡cruelty¡¡reconciled¡¡the
Romagna£»¡¡unified¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡restored¡¡it¡¡to¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡loyalty¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡this
be¡¡rightly¡¡considered£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡much¡¡more¡¡merciful
than¡¡the¡¡Florentine¡¡people£»¡¡who£»¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡a¡¡reputation¡¡for¡¡cruelty£»
permitted¡¡Pistoia¡¡to¡¡be¡¡destroyed¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡a¡¡prince£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he
keeps¡¡his¡¡subjects¡¡united¡¡and¡¡loyal£»¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡mind¡¡the¡¡reproach¡¡of
cruelty£»¡¡because¡¡with¡¡a¡¡few¡¡examples¡¡he¡¡will¡¡be¡¡more¡¡merciful¡¡than¡¡those
who£»¡¡through¡¡too¡¡much¡¡mercy£»¡¡allow¡¡disorders¡¡to¡¡arise£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡follow
murders¡¡or¡¡robberies£»¡¡for¡¡these¡¡are¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡injure¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡people£»
whilst¡¡those¡¡executions¡¡which¡¡originate¡¡with¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡offend¡¡the
individual¡¡only¡£
And¡¡of¡¡all¡¡princes£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡new¡¡prince¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡the
imputation¡¡of¡¡cruelty£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡new¡¡states¡¡being¡¡full¡¡of¡¡dangers¡£¡¡Hence
Virgil£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡Dido£»¡¡excuses¡¡the¡¡inhumanity¡¡of¡¡her¡¡reign
owing¡¡to¡¡its¡¡being¡¡new£»¡¡saying£º
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Res¡¡dura£»¡¡et¡¡regni¡¡novitas¡¡me¡¡talia¡¡cogunt
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Moliri£»¡¡et¡¡late¡¡fines¡¡custode¡¡tueri¡£¡¡£§1£§
Nevertheless¡¡he¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡slow¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡and¡¡to¡¡act£»¡¡nor¡¡should¡¡he
himself¡¡show¡¡fear£»¡¡but¡¡proceed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡temperate¡¡manner¡¡with¡¡prudence¡¡and
humanity£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡too¡¡much¡¡confidence¡¡may¡¡not¡¡make¡¡him¡¡incautious¡¡and
too¡¡much¡¡distrust¡¡render¡¡him¡¡intolerable¡£
Upon¡¡this¡¡a¡¡question¡¡arises£º¡¡whether¡¡it¡¡be¡¡better¡¡to¡¡be¡¡loved¡¡than
feared¡¡or¡¡feared¡¡than¡¡loved£¿¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡answered¡¡that¡¡one¡¡should¡¡wish¡¡to
be¡¡both£»¡¡but£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡unite¡¡them¡¡in¡¡one¡¡person£»¡¡is
much¡¡safer¡¡to¡¡be¡¡feared¡¡than¡¡loved£»¡¡when£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two£»¡¡either¡¡must¡¡be
dispensed¡¡with¡£¡¡Because¡¡this¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡asserted¡¡in¡¡general¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡that
they¡¡are¡¡ungrateful£»¡¡fickle£»¡¡false£»¡¡cowardly£»¡¡covetous£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as
you¡¡succeed¡¡they¡¡are¡¡yours¡¡entirely£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡offer¡¡you¡¡their¡¡blood£»
property£»¡¡life¡¡and¡¡children£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡said¡¡above£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡need¡¡is¡¡far
distant£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡it¡¡approaches¡¡they¡¡turn¡¡against¡¡you¡£¡¡And¡¡that¡¡prince
who£»¡¡relying¡¡entirely¡¡on¡¡their¡¡promises£»¡¡has¡¡neglected¡¡other
precautions£»¡¡is¡¡ruined£»¡¡because¡¡friendships¡¡that¡¡are¡¡obtained¡¡by
payments£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡by¡¡greatness¡¡or¡¡nobility¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡may¡¡indeed¡¡be
earned£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡secured£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡need¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡relied
upon£»¡¡and¡¡men¡¡have¡¡less¡¡scruple¡¡in¡¡offending¡¡one¡¡who¡¡is¡¡beloved¡¡than¡¡one
who¡¡is¡¡feared£»¡¡for¡¡love¡¡is¡¡preserved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡link¡¡of¡¡obligation¡¡which£»
owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡baseness¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡is¡¡broken¡¡at¡¡every¡¡opportunity¡¡for¡¡their
advantage£»¡¡but¡¡fear¡¡preserves¡¡you¡¡by¡¡a¡¡dread¡¡of¡¡punishment¡¡which¡¡never
fails¡£
Nevertheless¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡inspire¡¡fear¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡he
does¡¡not¡¡win¡¡love£»¡¡he¡¡avoids¡¡hatred£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡can¡¡endure¡¡very¡¡well
being¡¡feared¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡hated£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡always¡¡be¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he
abstains¡¡from¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡his¡¡citizens¡¡and¡¡subjects¡¡and¡¡from¡¡their
women¡£¡¡But¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡him¡¡to¡¡proceed¡¡against¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of
someone£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡do¡¡it¡¡on¡¡proper¡¡justification¡¡and¡¡for¡¡manifest¡¡cause£»
but¡¡above¡¡all¡¡things¡¡he¡¡must¡¡keep¡¡his¡¡hands¡¡off¡¡the¡¡property¡¡of¡¡others£»
because¡¡men¡¡more¡¡quickly¡¡forget¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡their¡¡father¡¡than¡¡the¡¡loss
of¡¡their¡¡patrimony¡£¡¡Besides£»¡¡pretexts¡¡for¡¡taking¡¡away¡¡the¡¡property¡¡are
never¡¡wanting£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡who¡¡has¡¡once¡¡begun¡¡to¡¡live¡¡by¡¡robbery¡¡will¡¡always
find¡¡pretexts¡¡for¡¡seizing¡¡what¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡others£»¡¡but¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡taking
life£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡are¡¡more¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡find¡¡and¡¡sooner¡¡lapse¡£¡¡But
when¡¡a¡¡prince¡¡is¡¡with¡¡his¡¡army£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡under¡¡control¡¡a¡¡multitude¡¡of
soldiers£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡him¡¡to¡¡disregard¡¡the¡¡reputation
of¡¡cruelty£»¡¡for¡¡without¡¡it¡¡he¡¡would¡¡never¡¡hold¡¡his¡¡army¡¡united¡¡or
disposed¡¡to¡¡its¡¡duties¡£
Among¡¡the¡¡wonderful¡¡deeds¡¡of¡¡Hannibal¡¡this¡¡one¡¡is¡¡enumerated£º¡¡that
having¡¡led¡¡an¡¡enormous¡¡army£»¡¡posed¡¡of¡¡many¡¡various¡¡races¡¡of¡¡men£»¡¡to
fight¡¡in¡¡foreign¡¡lands£»¡¡no¡¡dissensions¡¡arose¡¡either¡¡among¡¡them¡¡or
against¡¡the¡¡prince£»¡¡whether¡¡in¡¡his¡¡bad¡¡or¡¡in¡¡his¡¡good¡¡fortune¡£¡¡This
arose¡¡from¡¡nothing¡¡else¡¡than¡¡his¡¡inhuman¡¡cruelty£»¡¡which£»¡¡with¡¡his
boundless¡¡valour£»¡¡made¡¡him¡¡revered¡¡and¡¡terrible¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡his
soldiers£»¡¡but¡¡without¡¡that¡¡cruelty£»¡¡his¡¡other¡¡virtues¡¡were¡¡not
sufficient¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡this¡¡effect¡£¡¡And¡¡shortsighted¡¡writers¡¡admire¡¡his
deeds¡¡from¡¡one¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡and¡¡from¡¡another¡¡condemn¡¡the¡¡principal
cause¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡That¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true¡¡his¡¡other¡¡virtues¡¡would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been
sufficient¡¡for¡¡him¡¡may¡¡be¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡Scipio£»¡¡that¡¡most
excellent¡¡man£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡times¡¡but¡¡within¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡man£»
against¡¡whom£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡his¡¡army¡¡rebelled¡¡in¡¡Spain£»¡¡this¡¡arose¡¡from
nothing¡¡but¡¡his¡¡too¡¡great¡¡forbearance£»¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡his¡¡soldiers¡¡more
licence¡¡than¡¡is¡¡consistent¡¡with¡¡military¡¡discipline¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡he¡¡was
upbraided¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡by¡¡Fabius¡¡Maximus£»¡¡and¡¡called¡¡the¡¡corrupter¡¡of
the¡¡Roman¡¡soldiery¡£¡¡The¡¡Locrians¡¡were¡¡laid¡¡waste¡¡by¡¡a¡¡legate¡¡of¡¡Scipio£»
yet¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡avenged¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡nor¡¡was¡¡the¡¡insolence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡legate
punished£»¡¡owing¡¡entirely¡¡to¡¡his¡¡easy¡¡nature¡£¡¡Insomuch¡¡that¡¡someone¡¡in
the¡¡Senate£»¡¡wishing¡¡to¡¡excuse¡¡him£»¡¡said¡¡there¡¡were¡¡many¡¡men¡¡who¡¡knew
much¡¡better¡¡how¡¡not¡¡to¡¡err¡¡than¡¡to¡¡correct¡¡the¡¡errors¡¡of¡¡others¡£¡¡This
disposition£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡continued¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mand£»¡¡would¡¡have
destroyed¡¡in¡¡time¡¡the¡¡fame¡¡and¡¡glory¡¡of¡¡Scipio£»¡¡but£»¡¡he¡¡being¡¡under¡¡the
control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡this¡¡injurious¡¡characteristic¡¡not¡¡only¡¡concealed
itself£»¡¡but¡¡contributed¡¡to¡¡his¡¡glory¡£
Returning¡¡to¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡being¡¡feared¡¡or¡¡loved£»¡¡I¡¡e¡¡to¡¡the
conclusion¡¡that£»¡¡men¡¡loving¡¡according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡will¡¡and¡¡fearing
according¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prince£»¡¡a¡¡wise¡¡prince¡¡should¡¡establish¡¡himself
on¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡control¡¡and¡¡not¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡he¡¡must
endeavour¡¡only¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡hatred£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡noted¡£
1¡£¡¡¡£¡£¡£against¡¡my¡¡will£»¡¡my¡¡fate£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡throne¡¡unsettled£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡infant¡¡state£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡Bid¡¡me¡¡defend¡¡my¡¡realms¡¡with¡¡all¡¡my¡¡pow'rs£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡guard¡¡with¡¡these¡¡severities¡¡my¡¡shores¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XVIII
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü