hovered as though intending to lodge in his very eye； and a fourth had the temerity to alight just under his nostrils。 In his drowsy condition he inhaled the latter insect； sneezed violently； and so returned to consciousness。 He glanced around the room； and perceived that not all the pictures were representative of birds； since among them hung also a portrait of Kutuzov＇4＇ and an oil painting of an old man in a uniform with red facings such as were worn in the days of the Emperor Paul＇5＇。 At this moment the clock uttered its usual hissing sound； and struck ten； while a woman's face peered in at the door； but at once withdrew； for the reason that； with the object of sleeping as well as possible； Chichikov had removed every stitch of his clothing。 Somehow the face seemed to him familiar； and he set himself to recall whose it could be。 At length he recollected that it was the face of his hostess。 His clothes he found lying； clean and dry； beside him； so he dressed and approached the mirror； meanwhile sneezing again with such vehemence that a cock which happened at the moment to be near the window （which was situated at no great distance from the ground） chuckled a short； sharp phrase。 Probably it meant； in the bird's alien tongue； 〃Good morning to you！〃 Chichikov retorted by calling the bird a fool； and then himself approached the window to look at the view。 It appeared to comprise a poulterer's premises。 At all events； the narrow yard in front of the window was full of poultry and other domestic creaturesof game fowls and barn door fowls； with； among them； a cock which strutted with measured gait； and kept shaking its comb； and tilting its head as though it were trying to listen to something。 Also； a sow and her family were helping to grace the scene。 First； she rooted among a heap of litter； then； in passing； she ate up a young pullet； lastly； she proceeded carelessly to munch some pieces of melon rind。 To this small yard or poultry…run a length of planking served as a fence； while beyond it lay a kitchen garden containing cabbages； onions； potatoes； beetroots； and other household vegetables。 Also； the garden contained a few stray fruit trees that were covered with netting to protect them from the magpies and sparrows； flocks of which were even then wheeling and darting from one spot to another。 For the same reason a number of scarecrows with outstretched arms stood reared on long poles； with； surmounting one of the figures； a cast…off cap of the hostess's。 Beyond the garden again there stood a number of peasants' huts。 Though scattered； instead of being arranged in regular rows； these appeared to Chichikov's eye to comprise well…to…do inhabitants； since all rotten planks in their roofing had been replaced with new ones； and none of their doors were askew； and such of their tiltsheds as faced him evinced evidence of a presence of a spare waggonin some cases almost a new one。
＇4＇ A Russian general who； in 1812； stoutly opposed Napoleon at the battle of Borodino。
＇5＇ The late eighteenth century。
〃This lady owns by no means a poor village；〃 said Chichikov to himself； wherefore he decided then and there to have a talk with his hostess； and to cultivate her closer acquaintance。 Accordingly he peeped through the chink of the door whence her head had recently protruded； and； on seeing her seated at a tea table； entered and greeted her with a cheerful； kindly smile。
〃Good morning； dear sir；〃 she responded as she rose。 〃How have you slept？〃 She was dressed in better style than she had been on the previous evening。 That is to say； she was now wearing a gown of some dark colour； and lacked her nightcap； and had swathed her neck in something stiff。
〃I have slept exceedingly well；〃 replied Chichikov； seating himself upon a chair。 〃And how are YOU； good madam？〃
〃But poorly； my dear sir。〃
〃And why so？〃
〃Because I cannot sleep。 A pain has taken me in my middle； and my legs； from the ankles upwards； are aching as though they were broken。〃
〃That will pass； that will pass； good mother。 You must pay no attention to it。〃
〃God grant that it MAY pass。 However； I have been rubbing myself with lard and turpentine。 What sort of tea will you take？ In this jar I have some of the scented kind。〃
〃Excellent； good mother！ Then I will take that。〃
Probably the reader will have noticed that； for all his expressions of solicitude； Chichikov's tone towards his hostess partook of a freer； a more unceremonious； nature than that which he had adopted towards Madam Manilov。 And here I should like to assert that； howsoever much； in certain respects； we Russians may be surpassed by foreigners； at least we surpass them in adroitness of manner。 In fact the various shades and subtleties of our social intercourse defy enumeration。 A Frenchman or a German would be incapable of envisaging and understanding all its peculiarities and differences； for his tone in speaking to a millionaire differs but little from that which he employs towards a small tobacconistand that in spite of the circumstance that he is accustomed to cringe before the former。 With us； however； things are different。 In Russian society there exist clever folk who can speak in one manner to a landowner possessed of two hundred peasant souls； and in another to a landowner possessed of three hundred； and in another to a landowner possessed of five hundred。 In short； up to the number of a million souls the Russian will have ready for each landowner a suitable mode of address。 For example； suppose that somewhere there exists a government office； and that in that office there exists a director。 I would beg of you to contemplate him as he sits among his myrmidons。 Sheer nervousness will prevent you from uttering a word in his presence； so great are the pride and superiority depicted on his countenance。 Also； were you to sketch him； you would be sketching a veritable Prometheus； for his glance is as that of an eagle； and he walks with measured； stately stride。 Yet no sooner will the eagle have left the room to seek the study of his superior officer than he will go scurrying along （papers held close to his nose） like any partridge。 But in society； and at the evening party （should the rest of those present be of lesser rank than himself） the Prometheus will once more become Prometheus； and the man who stands a step below him will treat him in a way never dreamt of by Ovid； seeing that each fly is of lesser account than its superior fly； and becomes； in the presence of the latter； even as a grain of sand。 〃Surely that is not Ivan Petrovitch？〃 you will say of such and such a man as you regard him。 〃Ivan Petrovitch is tall； whereas this man is small and spare。 Ivan Petrovitch has a loud； deep voice； and never smiles； whereas this man （whoever he may be） is twittering like a sparrow； and smiling all the time。〃 Yet approach and take a good look at the fellow and you will see that is IS Ivan Petrovitch。 〃Alack； alack！〃 will be the only remark you can make。
Let us return to our characters in real life。 We have seen that； on this occasion； Chichikov decided to dispense with ceremony； wherefore； taking up the teapot； he went on as follows：
〃You have a nice little village here； madam。 How many souls does it contain？〃
〃A little less than eighty； dear sir。 But the times are hard； and I have lost a great deal through last year's harvest having proved a failure。〃
〃But your peasants look fine； strong fellows。 May I enquire your name？ Through arriving so late at night I have quite lost my wits。〃
〃Korobotchka； the widow of a Collegiate Secretary。〃
〃I humbly thank you。 And your Christian name and patronymic？〃
〃Nastasia Petrovna。〃
〃Nastasia Petrovna！ Those are excellent names。 I have a maternal aunt named like yourself。〃
〃And YOUR name？〃 queried the lady。 〃May I take it that you are a Government Assessor？〃
〃No； madam；〃 replied Chichikov with a smile。 〃I am not an Assessor； but a traveller on private business。〃
〃Then you must be a buyer of produce？ How I regret that I have sold my honey so cheaply to other buyers！ Otherwise YOU might have bought it； dear sir。〃
〃I never buy honey。〃
〃Then WHAT do you buy； pray？ Hemp？ I have a little of that by me； but not more than half a pood＇6＇ or so。〃
＇6＇ Forty Russian pounds。
〃No； madam。 It is in other wares that I deal。 Tell me； have you； of late years； lost many of your peasants by death？〃
〃Yes； no fewer than eighteen；〃 responded the old lady with a sigh。 〃Such a fine lot； tooall good workers！ True； others have since grown up； but of what use are THEY？ Mere striplings。 When the Assessor last called upon me I could have wept； for； though those workmen of mine are dead； I have to keep on paying for them as though they were still alive！ And only last week my blacksmith got burnt to death！ Such a clever hand at his trade he was！〃
〃What？ A fire occurred at your place？〃
〃No； no； God preserve us all！ It was not so bad as that。 You must understand that the blacksmith SET HIMSELF on firehe got set on fire in his bowels through overdrinking。 Yes； all of a sudden there burst from him a blue flame； and he smouldered and smouldered until he had turned as black as a piece of charcoal！ Yet what a clever blacksmith he was！ And now I have no horses to drive out with； for there is no one to shoe them。〃
〃In everything the will of God； madam；〃 said Chichikov with a sigh。 〃Against the divine wisdom it is not for us to rebel。 Pray hand them over to me； Nastasia Petrovna。〃
〃Hand over whom？〃
〃The dead peasants。〃
〃But how could I do that？〃
〃Quite simply。 Sell them to me； and I will give you some money in exchange。〃
〃But how am I to sell them to you？ I scarcely understand what you mean。 Am I to dig them up again from the ground？〃
Chichikov perceived that the old lady was altogether at sea； and that he must explain the matter； wherefore in a few words he informed her that the transfer or purchase of the souls in question would take place merely on paperthat the said souls would be listed as still alive。
〃And what good would they be to you？〃 asked his hostess； staring at him with her eyes distended。
〃That is MY affair。〃
〃But they are DEAD souls。〃
〃Who said they were not？ The mere fact of their being dead entails upon you